Leadership is defined as?
The art of influencing, directing, guiding, and controlling other in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in the accomplishment of an objective
What binds a group together and motivates it toward goals?
The human factor
Leadership is truly an ?
Art
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Resistance is usually the result of the inability of some supervisors to?
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Adopt and apply realistically the principles of leadership to their own particular assignment
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Leadership ability is not?
Inherited
** There are no born leaders
How can one earn leadership status?
Any reasonable intelligent person with enough forcefulness to develop his ability to inspire others to follow him can earn leadership status
The true leader - the ideal for the org - is the?
Leader recognized as such formally and granted leadership authority not only by his org, but by his suborrdinates
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The grant authority by whom is the only real source of authority?
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By their subordinates
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Leadership status must be?
Earned
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The best leaders make their jobs look easier b/c?
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They have the fewest problems
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The Autocratic Leader is?
Highly authoriztative
Autocractic leaders know where they stand b/c?
He goes by the book
The Autocractic Leader directs, commands, and controls his subordinates in such a manner that?
No one forgets who is the boss
What Autocractic Leader rules through?
Fear, intimidation and threat
How are Autocractic Leaders often thought of as by superviosrs?
The tyrant
Autocractic Leaders are primarily?
Leader centered, having little concern for others but considerable interest in his own supervisory status
Does this type of autocractic leader approach last long?
No this approach does not work well for long
When conditions are unstable during periods of stress and emergency, when initiative and desiciveness are needed, when there is usually no time for permissive leadership and not time for discussion with suborditnates before each decision is made, and when
Autocractic
* Provided tat he has the capacity to make sound, workable decisions
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The Democractic or Participative Leader
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The supervisor who leads democractically, seeking ideas and suggections from his subordinates and allowing them to participate in decision making that affects them
What type of leader secures the best resuts as a leader?
Democratic Leader
This essence of participative management, works well when?
Circumstances permit employees to participate in the decision making process
At times, however, such as in emergent or unusual situations, purely?
Democratic leadership will work poorly
The most effective leaders will blend their style?
More forceful measures which will produce the quick, decisive action needed
Most probably, democratic leaders will not only be a popular leader, but will?
Be respected by his group
The Free-rein or Laissez-Faire Leader?
Te leader who plays down his role as such and exercises a minimum of control seldon gives his subordinates the attention or help they need
The Free-rein leader does not interfere with them but permits?
A laissez-faire operation
A free-rein leader's failure to maintain contact is often as?
Harmful as an excessive amount of supervision
What type of supervision does not work well?
The free-rein leader
A Free-rein leader invariably produces a climate of?
Permissiveness
The responsibility of supervising and managing others is?
Not simple
* Situations can be complex
* People are much more so
No one management style can work in?
Every situation
Readiness Style 1: When the workers are both unable to do the job and unwilling to try, the leader uses?
Leadership Style 1 (Telling)
Leadership Style 1 (Telling)?
Is high in task behavior but low in relationship behavior
Readiness Style 2: When the workers are unable to do the job but are willing or confident, the leader uses ?
Leadership Style 2 (Selling)
Leadership Style 2 (Selling)?
Is high in task behavior and high in relationship behavior
Readiness Style 3: When the workers are very capable but are unwilling or insecure, the leader uses?
Leadership Style 3 (Participating)
Leadership Style 3 (Participating)?
Is low in task behavior and high in relationship behavior
Readiness Style 4: When the workers are very capable and very willing, the leader uses?
Leadership Style 4 (Delegating)
Leadership Style 4 (Delegating)?
Is low in task behavior and low in relationship behavior
Situational leadership is based on interplay among?
- The amount of guidance and direction (task behavior) a leader gives
- The amount of socio-emotional support (relationship behavior) a leader provides
- The readiness (maturity) level that the followers exhibit in perfomring a specific task, function or
Situational leadership was developed to help leaders ?
Be more effective in their dealings with subordinates
All types of leadership will work with varying degrees of success if the conditions are?
Favorable and the situation permits a particular approach
Command presence to some denotes a?
Military bearing
To others, command presence means a ?
Distinctive type of appearance and conduct
Others believe that command presence is comprised of the same ingredients as?
Leadership
It is often said that command presence is best refected by the leader who?
Looks calmer and calmer as things get worse and worse
Elements of Leadership?
- DIscipline
- Ethics
- Common Sense
- Psychology
What is the best mark of good leadership?
A high level of discipline in its broadest sense in an org
Ethics - He must avoid all appearances of evil. His conduct is appraised in three frames of reference?
- What it actually is
- What he thinks it is
- What it appears to be to others
Common sense is one of the most?
Valued characteristics of a leader and is the hallmark of true leadership
Excellent leaders are guided by?
Proper regulations and procedures
* Use good judgement when applying them
Common sense always represents the action that gets?
The best results with the least cost or side effects
The maintenance of a high level of discipline and morale requires some practical knowledge of?
The psychological factors that affect human behavior
Motivation involves the application of incentives which encourage a certain positive pattern of?
Behavior and attitude which contributes to the accomplishment of the org mission
Motivation vs manipulation?
The effective supervisor will recognize the difference b/w giving employees a desire to produce well b/c of high job satisfaction and trying to force them to do so - deviously or otherwise
Employees are stimulated to produce best when they are provided with?
Positive incentives that satisfy individual needs
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Incentives are things such as?
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- Reognition by supv and peers
- Praise
- Opportunity for development
- Interesting and challenging job
- Increased responsibility
- Advancement
- Fair treatment by supervisors
These incentives by supervisors are strong forces in motivating people and can usually be ?
Directly controlled by supervisors
Money and other material incentives are vastly overrated as positive motivational influences b/c?
They become weaker and weaker as physical human needs are progressively satisfied
Motivation through the process of inspiration is unquestionably?
The most difficult
Yet the most powerful and lasting force in forming attitudes which will?
Induce workers to make fuller use of their potential
Recogntion is a ?
Strong motivating force in people
Negative motivators such as what should be avoided?
- Fear
- Coercion
- Intimidation
- Punishment
These negative motivators should be avoided except when?
More constructive, positive means have been tried and have failed
Fear, as a negative motivator, involves?
Threat, direct or implied, and a degree of intimidation
Every leader should possess the following 11 traits?
- Technical skill
- Intelligence
- Moral and physical integrity
- Enthusiasm for the job and all it entails
- Courtesy
- Ambition
- Friendliness, sincerity, affection for others, and personal warmth
- Faith in himself and his subordinates
- Physical and n
In addition what else is found in a good leader?
- Good judegment
- Originalty
- Dependability
- Self-control
- Adaptability
- Versatility
- Empathy for others short of sentimentalism
What is the keynote to supervisory success?
The capability of the supervisor to adapt their methods to his own particular style
The physical, moral and mental attributes of the supervisor have a powerful effect on?
His relationships with his subordinates
What is a force the supervisor should utilize to increase his effectiveness substantially
The desire of individuals for recognition
Commend in public but criticise in?
Private
Criricism, like commendation, should not be?
Neglected when it is indicated
Strike a reasonable balance b/w constructive criticism when it is?
Needed and praise when it is earned
The supervisor should never lose his tempter and become angry or hostile when?
Reprimanding subordinates
The employee should be given an opportunity to?
Make a positive response concerning the issue and to save face
The response should be so sturtured by the supervisor that it?
Contains some plan for improvement
What tends to reduce antagonism and resistance to criticism?
A soft intelligent approach rather than a hard one
* Object is to bring about improvement, not to produce resentment and hostility
Ever supervisor should learn as much as he can about his ?
Subordinates, individually and collectively
Tranfer of personnel only?
Shifts the problem to someone else
The disgruntlyed employee with a grieveance should be given the opportunity to?
Express the cause for his complaint
Imagined grievances are usually corrected easily by encouraging the employee to?
Examine the real facts or by providing the facts that he does not have
Order giving involves the complex process of communicating ideas in such a manner that the recipient interprets ?
What he hears in the way the communicator intends
Each order is susceptible to three interpretations?
What the person actually says
What he thinks he said
What the recipient thinks he said
Employees are more likely to resent the way an unpopular order was given, rather than?
The order itself
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Orders may be given as commands when?
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When emergent conditions require direct, prompt action. This method of giving orders may be indicated in dealing with lazy, careless, indifferent, or irresponsible employee or the one who refuses or neglects to obey a standard operating rules or fails
When orders are given in the form of commands, they should be?
Simple and direct
If orders are given hesitatingly, they usually?
Will be obeyed in a like manner
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Requests
Experience clearly indicates that cooperation is most readily obtained through?
Requests rather than by commands
Cooperation cannot be demanded. It must be?
Won
Orders to sensitive, nervous or easily offended individuals are usually best framed as?
Requests
Implied or suggestive directives can be employed to good effect with?
The reliable employee who readily assumes responsibility for a task
Implied or suggestive directives can be employed to good effect with the reliable employee who readily assumes responsibility for a task. They allow considerable latitude in the method of accomplishing an assignment when?
Immediate action is not essential
The supervisor will express the degree of confidence he has in his subordinates by the amount of?
Control he wishes to retain over their efforts
Orders to inexperienced or unreliable employees should be given ?
In a more direct manner than by suggestion or implication
The call for volunteers should be used with care so that it will not become a simple expedient for escaping the responsibility of ?
Making assignments or issuing orders which are in the best interests of the organization
Neither should the supervisor call for volunteers to perform a task that he himself should perform merely b/c?
He wishes to shed the responsibility, b/c he considers the job beneath him, or b/ it involves a distasteful act
If communications are positive, they are more likely to be?
More effective than if made in a negative vein
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What type of orders are usually satisfactory for simple tasks?
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Verbal orders
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As with many communications, a verbal order can easily be?
Misunderstood
* As can the intent of the person giving it
It is difficult to hold anyone accountable for?
Failures in giving or carrying out an oral directive
When other than a simple order is iven, the person giving it should have it?
Played back so that any misunderstandings that have resulted in the communication process can be clarified
What type of orders should be used in situations where complex operations or numerous persons are affected to assure that all receive the same message?
Written order
The supervisor surrenders his authority little by little when he fails to?
Follow up his orders to assure that they have been carried out
One of the most frequent functions the supervisor is called upon to perform is that of?
Decision making
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What is the first step in the decision making process?
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Must be awareness that a real problem exists
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What is the second step in the decision making process?
Facts must be obtained
What is the third step in the decision making process?
When sufficient data have been collected, they must be evaluated and analyzed
What is the fourth step in the decision making process?
Alternative approaches leading to a logical conclusion should be decided upon and probable consequences of each should be weighed
What is the fifth step in the decision making process?
A decision must be selected for the alternative solutions
What is the sixth step in the decision making process?
The decision must then be communicated to those who must carry it out
Appropriate followup should to place so that results of the decision may be?
Checked and evaluated
What is perhaps the most common failing of inexperienced supervisors?
Oversupervision
** Arises from their failure to delegate tasks
Over supervision is often called?
Snoopervision
Oversupervision causes?
- Loss of repsect for the supervisor
- Creates suspicions in the mind of employees
- Fosters rumors
- Arouses resentment
The effective supervisor will soon learn how much attention each employee?
Needs and direct attention to him accordingly
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Subordinates look forward to riding with their supervisors b/c?
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Get the opportunity to show their capabilities
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Even professional officers and supervisors can be influenced by?
Personal interest
Departmental codes of conduct are intended to?
Guide moral dilemmas
But in ethical decisions, supervisors must remember the?
Prinicipals, not just the rules
The respected leader will be imitated consciously or unconsciously by?
Those he leads
A woman supervisor is often required to prove herself?
Over and over
What has been cited as one of the primary sources of stress for female officers?
Gender stereotyping
Regardless of affirmative action, equal employment opportunity standards, or consent decrees, supervisors must make decisions scrupulously based on?
Fairness and mission requirements
The perception of unfairness, even if it is incorrect, will?
Undermine the supervisor's effectiveness
Employees who feel they are treated fairly are more likely?
To perform to their full capabilities
Sexual harassment in the workplace is prohibited by?
Federal law and it may be litigated as a civil rights violation
** The potential for departmental, and individual, liability is enormous
Leadership fails more often b/c ?
It is not provided when it is most needed than b/c the techniques are flawed
The mere fact that a person selected for a supervisor position has been a competent, skilled individual producer is no?
Guarantee that he will become a successful leader
Community Policing calls for a partnership b/w?
The police and the local community to solve problems on a neighborhood-by neighborhood basis
Community Policing is generally understood to include components of?
- Crime prevention by PO's acting as coordinators
- Working with community groups to identify priorities and strategies
- Mobilizing all community resources
Community Policing invests a great deal of authority in?
Street level officers
Community Policing requires?
- Leadership
- Management
- Communication skills
- Coupled with a considerable amount of creativity
The first challenge for the supervisor of a CPP is to ?
Adapt to the high level of necessary commitment and community involvement
What skills are critical for a suppervisor of a CPP?
- Leadership
- Program Management
- Negotiation Skills
For community-oriented policing and problem solving to be effective, supervisors must understand?
It's concepts, support its principal and be part of it
Some supervisors fail in their primary task of?
Directing, leading and controlling
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The only real authority he has is that which is granted to him by?
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His subordinates
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Perhaps the single function that best marks the good leader is his ability to?
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Maintain a high level of discipline, morale, and espirit de corps
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Implied or suggestive orders may be effectively used with?
Reliable, experienced employees
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A good leader will criticize when necessary but only after?
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He had obtained all the facts upon which he has based his criticism
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** He will do so only in private, with rare exceptions
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Whenever possible, he will praise an employee?
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Publicly where credit or recognition is earned
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The most effective supervisor will motivate his subordinates through?
A system of positive incentives which tens to satisfy their individaul needs