For any behavior, an animal must:
recognize relevant stimuli, decide to respond, and execute appropriate motor response
Stimulus filtering
recognizing the stimuli that matter
For behavior to be adaptive
response to stimulus and decision making must be synchronized with environment
If response threshold is low:
there is heightened sensitivity
If response threshold is high:
there is decreased sensitivity
Control of behavior involves mechanisms that influence ________ _________
response thresholds
Generation of responses is regulated by ____ and ______esophagael gangli
supra and sub
Protocerebrum is a major __________ center
inhibitory
Subesophagael ganglion is a major __________ center
excitatory
Protocerebrum inhibits ________ until receiving correct stimulation
CPGs
Modifier effects (primer effects)
do not release specific behaviors, alter response thresholds for many stimuli, primes the animal to respond
Biting in female mosquito
1. Female takes blood meal
2. Stimulate ovarian development via EDNH
3. Ovaries release ecdysone
4. Ecdysone raises response thresholds and inhibits further biting
Exhibit polyethism
division of labor based on age
0-2 days of age do what kind of work
cell cleaners
2-11 days of age do what kind of work
brood care (nurse bees)
11-20 days of age do what kind of work
food storage and processing, wax production and comb building, wax glands active, guarding
20+ days do what kind of work?
perform and decode waggle dances, respond to stimuli outside hive
Division of labor in honey bees is regulated by __
JH
Precocious foragers showed and ______________ in behavior
acceleration
Overaged nurses showed a ____________ in behavior
reverison
Contact with older bees _________ down the rate of JH increase
slows
Ethyl oleate is produced by older bees and _______ the onset of foraging
delays
Trophallaxis
exchange of liquid between members of a colony
Ortholog
genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation, usually retain same function in all species
Rhythmic forages have ____ times as much PER as nurse bees
3 times
for locus codes for
cGMP- dependent protein kinase and influences foraging activity
for(s) allele
sitter, lower PKG levels, less active fly
for(R) allele
rover, higher PKG levels, more active fly
for(s) is favored in what kind of habitats
habitats with increased food and decreased competition
for(R) is favored in what kind of habitats
habitats with decreased food and increased competition
Amfor affects behavior by _______ _________
altered expression of same alleles during development
Amfor regulates _______-induced increase in phototaxis
PKG
Amfor expression is influenced by
social environment
Monogyne Colonies
single queen mates and founds new nest individually, only 1 queen, workers kill foreign queens
Polygyne Colonies
newly mated queens join existing nests, multiple queens, huge extended colonies, workers tolerate foreign queens
B allele at Gp9 locus is associated with
monogyny
b allele at Gp9 locus is associated with
polygyny
BB workers
only accept BB queen and only one of them, kills others
Bb workers
accept mulitple queens only if they are Bb, BB queens killed by workers
bb queens
lethal recessive
Gp9 codes for
odorant binding protein
Odorant binding protein is involved in
pheromone production and recognition
Gp9 controls the workers response threshold to
queen pheromones and colony social structure
Polygenic effects
most behavior controlled by multiple genetic loci