Group
a gathering of people who interact with one another for a common purpose.
advantages of groups
sharing of workload and pooling of resources, bouncing ideas off one another, and enjoying and gaining motivation from working with other people.
disadvantages of groups
scheduling, conflict, people not pulling their weight
synergy
occurs when the whole group is more successful than each member within it.
group think
occurs when members of the group are more concerned with getting the task done as opposed to getting it done right.
types of roles
task roles, relationship roles, and disruptive roles.
task roles
help the group to accomplish its goal or purpose.
relationship roles
provide for the social needs of the group and serve to foster teamwork and collabora- tion.
disruptive roles
occur when individual group members put their needs above the group needs.
conflict
adisagreement or argument
avoidance
hands-off" approach and has a low concern for both people and results.
accommodation
is highly person-oriented, but the participant gives in to the other person in the conflict.
compromise
negotiating a solution that is acceptable for one party now, but will benefit the other party later.
competing
has a "winner-take-all" approach.
collaboration
involves a thorough analysis of the problems and best possible solutions in a decision-making process
culture
made up of the values and beliefs learned by a group of people who share the same social heritage and traditions
co-culture
a culture that exists within a larger cultural context
stereotyping
judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs
ethnocentrism
placing value judgments on people because they are different from us.
prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
cultural relativism
judging another person's culture by its own values and beliefs.
listening process
receiving, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding
physical distractions
external sources of interference
internal distractions
mental, factual, semantic
discriminative listening
distinguishing between verbal and nonverbal messages
comprehensive listening
when we are attempting to understand a message for a particular reason�to gain knowledge or complete a task
appreciative listening
an individual process because it involves personal enjoyment
empathetic listening
occurs when we want to support or help another person�perhaps a friend or family member
critical listening
making judgments about the messages we receive
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
claim
represents the assertion or point that a speaker advocates
evidence
proof to support claim
evidence credibility statements
brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas
warrant
provides the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claim
qualifiers
admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not an exact science
rebuttal
states the other sides or counterarguments to your position and attacks them directly
logos
appeals to logic
ethos
appeals to credibility
pathos
appeals to emotion
ad hominem
occurs when a speaker attacks the character of a person making an argument rather than the argument itself
bandwagon
suggests that something is correct, good, or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it
slippery slope
occurs when a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope toward disaster
false dilemma
asserts that a complicated question has only two answers when more actually exist
appeal to authority
says that if an authority figure says something, it must be true
red herring
introducing irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion.
hasty generalization
jumping to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
false cause
when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce, the effect
invalid analogy
when the items being compared are not sufficiently similar