Com 110 Final

Group

a gathering of people who interact with one another for a common purpose.

advantages of groups

sharing of workload and pooling of resources, bouncing ideas off one another, and enjoying and gaining motivation from working with other people.

disadvantages of groups

scheduling, conflict, people not pulling their weight

synergy

occurs when the whole group is more successful than each member within it.

group think

occurs when members of the group are more concerned with getting the task done as opposed to getting it done right.

types of roles

task roles, relationship roles, and disruptive roles.

task roles

help the group to accomplish its goal or purpose.

relationship roles

provide for the social needs of the group and serve to foster teamwork and collabora- tion.

disruptive roles

occur when individual group members put their needs above the group needs.

conflict

adisagreement or argument

avoidance

hands-off" approach and has a low concern for both people and results.

accommodation

is highly person-oriented, but the participant gives in to the other person in the conflict.

compromise

negotiating a solution that is acceptable for one party now, but will benefit the other party later.

competing

has a "winner-take-all" approach.

collaboration

involves a thorough analysis of the problems and best possible solutions in a decision-making process

culture

made up of the values and beliefs learned by a group of people who share the same social heritage and traditions

co-culture

a culture that exists within a larger cultural context

stereotyping

judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs

ethnocentrism

placing value judgments on people because they are different from us.

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

cultural relativism

judging another person's culture by its own values and beliefs.

listening process

receiving, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding

physical distractions

external sources of interference

internal distractions

mental, factual, semantic

discriminative listening

distinguishing between verbal and nonverbal messages

comprehensive listening

when we are attempting to understand a message for a particular reason�to gain knowledge or complete a task

appreciative listening

an individual process because it involves personal enjoyment

empathetic listening

occurs when we want to support or help another person�perhaps a friend or family member

critical listening

making judgments about the messages we receive

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

claim

represents the assertion or point that a speaker advocates

evidence

proof to support claim

evidence credibility statements

brief statements that establish the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas

warrant

provides the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claim

qualifiers

admit exceptions and demonstrate that argumentation is not an exact science

rebuttal

states the other sides or counterarguments to your position and attacks them directly

logos

appeals to logic

ethos

appeals to credibility

pathos

appeals to emotion

ad hominem

occurs when a speaker attacks the character of a person making an argument rather than the argument itself

bandwagon

suggests that something is correct, good, or true because many other people agree with it or are doing it

slippery slope

occurs when a speaker asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another down a steep slope toward disaster

false dilemma

asserts that a complicated question has only two answers when more actually exist

appeal to authority

says that if an authority figure says something, it must be true

red herring

introducing irrelevant information into an argument in an attempt to mask the real issue under discussion.

hasty generalization

jumping to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce, the effect

invalid analogy

when the items being compared are not sufficiently similar