CRM 260 Exam 1

What is the name of the official document that according the reading presents "the most important crime record data" that is collected from local law enforcemnet agencies throughout the US

Uniform crime report

What federal criminal justice agency publishes this report on a yearly basis

FBI

What is the name of the Federal study of crime victims that is published yearly

National crime victimization survey

which of the following was not described as a secondary source of crime data

all of the above were mentioned

The "catch" program that was described in the reading and is an innovative program to help law enforcement agencies in analyzing crime series and patterns. this program attempts to forecast crime using

crime mapping

A clearance rate tells us

how often police solve a crime

the crime that has the highest police clearance is

murder

victimization surveys usually find

more crime than police reports

which of the following is a primary source of crime data

police reports

which method of studying crime is the best

the reading does not say

the offenders who participated in this study were in which age group

40 years old or older

the offenders in this were all

male

crimes committed by juvenile offenders were usually poorly planned or spontaneous

true

the primary influence of young offenders to initially commit crime was

status

at what age did the offenders in this study really start thinking about the significant consequences of committing crime? In other words, at what age did their non rational motives give way to more rational and calculated decisions

early 20s

As offenders get older, they typically

plan their crimes in detail

as the offenders get older, what became the significant influence of their criminality

money

as the offenders get older they tended to think that

the risks of committing crime were much higher than any benefits

when older offenders did commit crime, they tended to commit crime

less frequently than when they were younger

a common aspect or characteristic of successful offenders is the ability to

carefully plan their crimes at an early age

a one word definition of theory is

explanation

a one word for an untested theory is

opinion

The reading mentions the differences between criminology and criminal justice. Which one of the
following is comprised of the actual practices of law enforcement, legal process, and corrections?

criminal justice

Early responses to crime were based on the "family-revenge model of justice" that consisted of "trial by
battle" or "trial by ordeal". These approaches were based upon strong belief in:

GOD

The reading describes two competing perspectives regarding criminological thought. These are:

Correlation vs. Criminality

Which of these concepts are associated with the Classical School of Criminology?

free will

Rearrests, reconvictions, and repeat offending are all part of the definition of

Recidivism

Which of the following is needed in scientific theorizing?

Lack of Spuriousness, Temporal ordering, Logic Correlation

The Enlightenment period was important to criminology because it:

Provided an alternative to the logic of spiritual explanations

Crime

A act that violates a law

Delinquency

An illegal act that is based on the offender's age

Deviance

An act that is not necessarily illegal but violates social norms

Crime Policy

Anything that attempts to prevent or decrease criminal behavior

Offender or victim programs

Battered women shelters, Afterschool programs, Drug treatment

Retribution

Make offender pay for their crime
Emphasis is on punishment
"Eye for an eye"
"Don't do the crime if you can't do the time"
Oldest form of responding to crime
Examples:
Death penalty
Fines
Prison
Restitution

Incapacitation

Take away offenders' ability to commit crime
It's purpose is to protect society
Meant to prevent crime rather than a punishment
Examples:
Prison
Death penalty
Sterilization of sex offenders
Cutting off hands (Middle East)
Drugs (heavily sedate violent off

Deterrence

Aims to prevent people from committing crime

Primary deterrence

Keep noncriminals from ever committing a crime
Make people aware of penalties for committing crime
Speed limit signs, handicap parking signs

Secondary deterrence

Keep criminals from committing more crimes
Three Strikes Laws
Graduated Sanctions

Rehabilitation

Seeks to prevent crime by fixing the reason why offender committed crime
Believes that "sick" offenders need to be "cured"
Known as the Medical Model of CJ and considered as the liberal approach to crime
Examples:
Drug treatment programs
Afterschool progr

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Began in 1930
Surveys over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the U.S.

Part I Offenses (Index Offenses)

Murder
Forcible Rape
Robbery
Aggravated Assault
Burglary
Motor Vehicle Theft
Larceny/Theft
Arson

Part II Offenses (Non-Index Offenses)

Simple Assaults Forgery and Counterfeiting
Fraud Embezzlement
Stolen Property Offenses Vandalism
Weapons Offenses Prostitution and Commercialized Vice
Sex Offenses (except rape and prostitution) Drug Abuse Violations
Gambling Offenses Against the Family a

new york

highest murders and violent crimes

crime rate =

number of crimes/populations * 100,000

Problems with the UCR

Only counts crime police know about
the "Dark Figure of Crime"
Underestimates how much crime actually occurs
UCR only counts the most serious offense
Difficult to compare across departments
Relies on the police to accurately count crime
Relies on police t

Two Rules to Interpreting Crime Statistics

Don't entirely trust the person doing the interpreting
Come up with as many interpretations as possible

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice
Started in 1972 to determine how many people are victimized
Every year, BJS surveys over 40,000 households and nearly 75,000 people

NCVS Methodology

Panel survey methodology
Agrees to be in survey for 3 years
Interviewed 7 times every 6 months
Attempts to obtain a representative survey of Americans

NCVS typically finds twice as much crime than UCR

Twice as many victims as UCR crimes reported to police

Problems with the NCVS

Self-report (people could not remember or not tell truth)
People can refuse to participate
People can stop participating at any time
Some information is very sensitive so victims may not want to discuss or report it

Violent crime: strangers or associates (friends/family/etc)?

61% of violent crimes were committed by people the victim knew
52% of male violent victimizations and 64% of female violent victimizations were committed by someone the victim knew

What percentage of violent crimes is reported to police?

50% of violent victimizations were reported to police

What percentage of serious property crime is reported to police?

40

What percentage of murders are committed by family members?

22

What percentage of sexual assaults are reported to the police?

50% of sexual assaults are reported to the police
10% of sexual assaults on college campuses are reported to the police

Problems with Self-Report Studies (e.g., the Dark Figure of Crime)

Subjects can lie about criminal behavior
Different topics produce different levels of honesty (social desirability)
The method used to ask offenders greatly effects the level of honesty

crime trend: year

july/august (high)
october (low)

crime trends: time

11pm, midnight( high )
4am-8am (low)

crime trend: age

18-25 (high)
babies and elderly (low)

yankees fans

its a universal logo

crime victims: violent crimes

has decreased

homicides: age if victim and offender

more homicides in 18-24

crime trends: rance and crime

both white
both black

Routine Activities Approach

Created by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979
Focuses on the criminal event rather than the criminal or crime
Used for crime prevention and victimization
One of main findings was that crime is not as random as most people think
Crime is a function o

Definition of Routine Activities

Recurrent and prevalent activities which provide for basic population and individual needs, whatever their biological or cultural origin

Examples of Routine Activities

Commuting to work or school
Going shopping
Exercising
Entertainment

Three Things Must Exist at the Same time

Motivated Offender
Suitable Target
Lack of Capable Guardian

motivated offenders

A motivated offender is anyone who has an inclination to commit crime and the ability to actually do it

examples of motivated offenders

*Even crimes of passion have a motivated offender
- burglars and robbers
- vandals
- domestic abusers
- two people in a bar fight
- drunk drivers
- prostitutes

suitable target

A suitable target is anything or anyone who is vulnerable
The "suitability" of the target depends on the offender

factors determining suitability

Value
Inertia (mobility or ease in carrying it)
Visibility
Accessibility

Examples of Suitable Targets:

Abandoned or empty buildings and houses
- Cars in parking garages
- People leaving bars
- Prostitutes
- Children
- Elderly

lack of capable guardians

A capable guardian can be a person, people, buildings, cameras, two way mirrors, a street light, animals (usually dogs), noise, fences, metal detectors
A capable guardian is anything that serves as a deterrent

Ways Capable Guardians Deter Crime:

Groups of people
- Cameras
- Lights
- Fences
- Buildings

findings in prostitution

95% are sexual harassed
85%-95% want to escape
80-90% verbal abuse
75% homeless
70-95% assulted

routine activities

Drug violence
Sexual assaults on college campuses
Thefts from cars on college campuses
School bullying
Armed robbery
Burglary

About what percentage of dating college women report experiencing violent and abusive dating behaviors?

almost half

About what percentage of college students feel they do not know how to help a friend deal with dating violence?

57% say it is difficult to identify and 58% say they don't know how to help someone who's experiencing it.

About what percentage of dating college students has given a dating partner their computer, email or social network passwords and these students are more likely to experience digital dating abuse.

1 and 3 or 36%

What percentage of college women have been sexually abused in a dating relationship?

1 and 6 or 16%

True or False, males are victims of domestic violence at the same rate as women.

true

There are racial and/or ethnic differences in domestic violence?

false