imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. p. 653
U.S. Imperialism
[Historians] "now emphasize [the similarities between] foreign policy in this era" of early 20th century imperialism and the same impulse to conquer and dominate we see in the expansion across the North American continent. p. 653
communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. US policy makers feared that American workers would embrace a socialist or communist mod
Josiah Strong
A popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism superiority to Christian missionary ideas. His famous book OUR COUNTRY urged Americans to proselytize overseas. He predicted that the lands of the globe would be fully occupied throug
American Exceptionalism
The idea that the American people and American culture is superior from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill." p. 654
Monroe Doctrine
[Throw-back] 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained
The War of 1898
a.k.a., The Spanish-American War, 1898 to 1902. The conflict was actually between the Spanish, Cuban rebels, and Americans. The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United Sta
William Randolph Hurst
Pioneer in the kind of sensational reporting often called Yellow Journalism. Helped whip up hostility toward Spain, which led to the Spanish American war. p. 655
Remember the Maine and to hell with Spain.
A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war. p. 655
The Teller Amendment
This amendment to the declaration of war said that the U.S. would withdraw ultimately from Cuba and that it would not remain a territory of the U.S. forever. Promoted by Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller. p. 655
Rough Riders
The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cub
Philippines
After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their ind
Puerto Rico
Ceded by Spain in the Spanish-American War, aka War of 1898 Treaty of Paris. p. 656
Guam
Ceded by Spain in the Spanish-American War, aka War of 1898 Treaty of Paris. p. 656
Splendid little war
Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness. p.657
Mark Twain & the Philippines
Mark Twain faced the onset of European and American imperialism at the end of the 19th century with an acute understanding that white racism denied the very humanity of people of darker skin. He was aware that vile theories were then either being generate
Philippine War
An armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US, and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino leader who fought first against Spain and then against the United States. He was a leader in the fight for Filipino independence.
Annexation of Hawaii
U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898. Hawaii was also prized for its str
Root-Takahira Agreement
In 1908 the United States and Japan signed this agreement saying they would both honor the territorial possessions of the respective countries that were in the Pacific Ocean, and they would also uphold China's Open Door Policy and Japan's dominance over M
Panama Canal
A canal that crosses the isthmus of Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Built by the United States between 1904 and 1914. The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It
speak softly and carry a big stick
Teddy Roosevelt's big stick diplomacy which meant that you could negotiate first, but you had to back it up with force. p. 664-665
Platt Amendment
Roosevelt forced newly independent Cuba into a conquered position. The Platt Amendment of 1902 was legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba at will. It defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations
Guantanamo Bay
The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area.
Roosevelt Corollary
(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic. The Roosevelt Corol
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States (1913 - 1921), known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sou
Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (pictured above). p. 666-667
Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, 1870-71, conflict between France and Prussia that signaled the rise of German military power and imperialism. It was provoked by Otto von Bismarck (the Prussian chancellor) as part of his plan to create a unified
Ottoman Empire
A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. p. 667
the Balkans
Present day territory that includes Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia. Revolutions sparked by nationalism began here: Greece (1821), WWI (1914). p. 667
Triple Alliance
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. p. 667
Triple Entente
Called "The Allies" during WWI. A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. p. 667
The Great War
Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919. Chapter 21
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in June 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I. p. 667
Gavrilo Princip
Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary. p. 667
Sarajevo
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I. p. 667
Western Front
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. p. 668
Trench warfare
Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI. p. 668
War of Attrition
Trench warfare between Germany and France. Called War of Attrition(wearing down) because the goal was to break down the enemy. There was no winner after 3 years of fighting. p. 668
poison gas WWI
Weapon developed in WWI by Germans. They used Mustard, Phosgene and Chorine. p. 668-669
U-Boat
German submarine, taken from the German 'Unterseeboat'. p. 669
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. p. 669
Unrestricted submarine warfare
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship, civilian or otherwise, in the British waters. p. 669
Arthur Zimmerman
Germany's foreign secretary who attempted to persuade Mexico to join the Great War on the German side in exchange for Germany's help to get back Mexico's lost land in Texas and Arizona.p. 669
The Zimmerman Note
March 1917 - a letter from Germany via its foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman asking Mexico to enter a war with them and as a reward for their alliance against American, they would give Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexica. This enraged the US. p. 669
safe for democracy
Woodrow Wilson's argument that America needed to enter World War I in order to make the world "safe for democracy." p. 669
Bolshevik Revolution
The Communist Revolution. The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in November 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in
The Spanish Flu
aka, Flu Pandemic of 1819. End of WWI a pandemic flu spread from birds to humans (like H1N1) killed an esti 50 million worldwide and 200,000 Americans. Called Spanish flu because they were the first ones to report it. p. 672
War Industries Board (WIB)
Created by Wilson in 1917 to oversee the production and distribution of goods made by the country's war industries. Bernard Baruch, Roosevelt's close friends and advisor, [pictured] was appointed its leader. p. 673
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
The US government propaganda agency. It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organizat
liberty sandwiches
A new name for hamburgers (a German city was named Hamburg) during WWI, reflecting the US' anti-German stance. p. 673
The Espionage Act of 1917
Enacted shortly after US entered WWI, punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty; forbade "false statements" against the draft or the military, and banned anti-war mails/opposition to American participation in World War. p. 674
The Sedition Act of 1918
This made any criticism of the government illegal. It was poorly applied and used to trample civil liberties during the war hysteria as in the example of the imprisonment of Eugene Debs. p. 674
The Great Migration
1914-1945; mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North. Began during the WWI effort when jobs became plentiful, while prejudice crop failures where the norm in the South.
IWW
(Industrial Workers of the World) A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by radical unionists and socialists in 1905. Guess what? It still exists: http://www.iww.org/
p. 674
United States v. Schenck (1919)
Landmark SCOTUS case that set the standard for the limitation of free speech; ruled speech/writing should not present a, "clear and present danger." Schenck was a socialist jailed for circulating pamphlets urging draftees to resist induction. p.
Alice Paul
The head of the National Woman's Party (NWP) that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. p. 678
Women's Suffrage
19th Amendment to the US Constitution passed Aug. 26th, 1820.
The Boxer Rebellion
A 1900 rebellion due to the humiliation to China by the Westerners. This rebellion lead by the Society of Harmonious Fists, Yihequan, who practiced martial arts training, hatred of foreigners, and the belief that they were invulnerable to western rebellio
Paris Peach Conference
1919, held in Versailles when the Allies chose to base WWI peace negotiations on Woodrow Wilson's 14 points. [Just want to see if anyone uses these Quizlets.] p. 678
Fourteen Points
A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected po
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1
Treaty of Versailles
(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to ackn