Eli Whitney
-invented the cotton gin
-demonstrated first musket made of interchangeable parts
-made it easier to manufacture machines
interchangeable parts
parts that are exactly alike
factory system
using power-driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks
mass production
the production of goods in large quantites
Industrial Revolution
social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large scale factory production developed
What brought about the Industrial Revolution?
-changes in manufacturing
-switching to mass production
-interchangeable parts
Where did the first Industrial Revolution occur and what did it do?
-Great Britain
-generate power using water and coal
-developed power-driven machinery and ways to use this machinery to mass produce goods
-created first factories
What was the main sources of income in American after the War of Independence?
international trade
-farms and plantations produced agricultural products
-shipped to Great Britain, southern Europe, and the West Indies
What turned America's eye to domestic industries and why?
Embargo Act of 1807 and War of 1812
-realized that they solely depended on foreign trade and without it, America would not thrive
Who created the first successful merchanized textile factory?
Samuel Slater in Pawtuckett, RI
-only massproduced thread
How was the American textile industry revolutionized and by who?
-1813
-Fracis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Johnson
-merchanized all stages of manufacture of cloth
Why was there little demand for slavery in the North?
-crops didn't require as much work
-farms were small
cotton gin
invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that helped to set the south on a different course of development than the North
-made it possible to grow short-staple cotton for profit
How did the cotton gin help expand slavery?
-poor, nonslaveholding farmers bought land in order to cultivate cotton
-wealthier planters follow by claiming huge areas of land
-put large slave force in charge of growing it
Henry Clay
House speaker from Kentucky that promoted the American System
American System
series of transportation routes that would connect regions of the US for business and communication, raise a protective tariff, and resurrect the national bank
-united American economic interests
What advantages did railroads offer?
fast, able to cross any terrain, possible to operate in severe weather
What types of transportation were used in the American system?
Roads, turnpikes, highways, canals, railroads
National Road
system of highways funded by the US that connected different regions in order to do business
Erie Canal
man-made waterway that stretches 363 miles and linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie (or Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes)
Tariff of 1816
protective tariff that increased price of foreign goods and eliminated price advantage
-proposed by James Madison
The Second Bank of the US
-created same currency throughout the nation
-makes doing business easier
McCulloch vs. Maryland
an 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to tax the Bank of the US, strengthening the power of the federal government
Why did Northerners support protective tariffs?
-livelihood depended on manufacturing
-relieved them
-would be buying American products
Why did southerns not support protective tariffs?
-livelihood didn't depend on manufacturing
-resented anything that would make goods more expensive
Why did Madison propose the Tariff of 1816?
-since War of 1812, British goods were being sold at a much lower price than American goods
-people were buying more British goods than American
Gibbons v. Ogden
-decided that interstate commerce can be regulated only by federal government
-gave strength to national gov't (strong nationalism in legal system)
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State that established a foreign policy guided by nationalism
nationalism
the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or interests of other countries
What did the Rush-Bagot Treaty lead to?
demilitarizing of border separating US and Canada
Convention of 1818
fixed US border at the 49th parallel up to Rocky Mountains
Adams-On�s Treaty
-Spain gave FL to US
-made country larger and stronger
-not as much of other countries' territories
-more connected
-provided better access to waterways and the Pacific
Monroe Doctrine
-warned all other countries to not colonize in the western Americas
Why did Monroe propose the Monroe Doctrine?
-European countries wanted to colonize in the western Americas
Why was the Missouri Compromise proposed?
-Northern states and southern states disagreed on whether Missouri should be free state or slave state
-some states discussed separating the Union
Missouri Compromise
-set a line below Missouri that separated free states from slave states
-line at 36� 30' north latitude
-north of line (except Missouri)=free states
-south of line (and Missouri)=slave states
How did the American System promote nationalism?
-national currency made interstate trade easier
-connected country with transportation for business and communication
How did the American System promote sectionalism?
-protective tariff divided the country (North wanted it, South didn't)
-more transportation funding in certain areas of the country
Which factors of the industries in the North and South were the main source of struggle between Nationalism and Sectionalism?
-Labor source (south used slaves, north abolished slavery)
-Tariffs (south didn't support because they wanted imports to be cheaper, north supported because they would receive more income)
-industrialization (independent and different industries, not conn
Industry in North
-dependent on shipping and foreign trade
-not much agriculture
-textile factores (esp. thread)
-sold products
-Slater and Lowell were main leaders in factories
-NYC was dominant port
Why did the North want to industrialize while the South did not?
-North had close ties to British who had industrialized
-Didn't have as good land for agriculture
-noticed weaknesses with solely foreign trade as income
Industry in South
-cotton gin
-poor people used cotton gin to claim land to produce crop
-south bought products
-AKA "Cotton Kingdom
Industry in West
-not manufacturing
-agriculture
-fur trade
Crop in North
-crops without much labor
-corn and cattle
-what family needs
Crop in South
-short-staple cotton
-cotton gin invented in 1793
How much did the # of bails increase when the cotton gin was invented?
Went from 3,000/year to 178,000/year
Crop in West
-cattle and livestock
-cotton
Labor source in North
-little slaves (didn't need too much labor)
-women and children
Labor source in South
-huge slave labor force
-increase with cotton gin
How much did the # of slaves increase when the cotton gin was invented?
went from 700,000 to 1.2 million
Labor source in West
-slaves
-people went to west for fur trade
-go from farmers (fur traders) to ranchers
Political leaders in North
-Webster
-John Quincy Adams
Political leaders in South
-John C. Calhoun (SC)
-James Madison (VA)
Political leaders in West
-Henry "The Great Compromiser" Clay (Kentucky)
Major issues in North
-abolished slavery by 1804
-supported tariffs (more income for them)
-people moving to cities: cities and towns develop more and more which causes agriculture to become obsolete
-supported Second National Bank
Major issues in South
-didn't support tariffs (pay more $, more money to North)
-slaves were main labor source
-supported Second National Bank
Major issues in West
-didn't support tariffs (didn't want North to gain at their expense)
-troubles with Natives
-supported Second National Bank (funding institutions in west)