mau mau movement
actions that black Afri. were forced to resort to in Kenya after white settler resistance to indepe w/ B. assistance. Black saw them being unable to own & farm their own land as unfair which eventually led to burning of farms, killing cattle, etc. to scar
jackie robinson
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. 1947
committee on civil rights
Truman bypassed the southern Democrats in key seats in Congress and established this committee to challenge racial discrimination in 1946.
plessy v ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
brown v board of education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
oliver brown
in 1950, _ sued in fed court over the segregation of the school system in topeka, kansas. the sc's 1954 decision in the case, which held that separate schools were inherently unequal, was imp for several reasons
central high school
The site of forced school desegregation during the American Civil Rights Movement. Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public scho
orville faubus
elected governor of Arkansas refused to implement the Brown vs. Board of education decision in 1954; more concerned with his feelection campaign and the white vote
rosa parks
(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
ed nixon
President of the Alabama NAACP and head of the local brotherhood of sleeping car porters union who saw Ms. Parks rest as the right case on which to make a stand.
martin luther king jr
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
montgomery bus boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. cut revenue by 65%
civil rights act 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower.
civil rights act 1960
It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting.
congress of racial eqality
(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.
souther christian leadership conference
Civil rights organization that advocated nonviolent protest; formed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders
student nonviolent coordinating committee
students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism
woolworth's sit in
Four black college students sat at the white-only lunch counter of Woolworth's, and refused to leave. Launched 31 sit-ins in other cities. It started the sit-in movement, and brought up the desegregation of lunch counters.
freedom rides
a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
james farmer
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- AA could apply direct nonviolent methods to gain civil rights
anne moody
became involved in the civil rights movement. She joined the NAACP and also worked with CORE and SNCC. She took part in the first sit-ins in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1963. Like so many other students in the 1960s, Moody was jailed for taking part in civil
mimi feingold
was a white student at Swarthmore University who helped picked Woolworth's in Chester and joined in the freedom rides with CORE
james meridith
Won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll into the all-white University of Mississippi. When he arrived the governor didn't let him in but then President Kennedy made troopers escort him into the school and around classes. Riots broke out and ma
birmingham riots
Police brutality on peaceful protests for black equality. TV made many lose trust in their police, and see the extent of the issue, birmingham church bombing 63
eugene connors
public safty commisoner that got law enfoucement to send attack dogs and full force fire hoses on peaceful protesters
medgar evers
Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
civil rights act 1963
prohibits discrimination on race, color, sex, religion, and national origin
march on washington
held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
freedom summer
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
voting rights act 1965
A law established to help obliterate barriers to African American suffrage. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered to vote and many African American officials were elected.
fannie lou hammer
was an American voting rights activist and civil rights leader. She was instrumental in organizing Mississippi Freedom Summer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and later became the Vice-Chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, a
james baldwin
20th C. African American novelist, playwright, civil rights activist.
malcom x
spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name, supported violence
stokely carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black po
black power
..., A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
nathan wright jr
advocates black capitalism
huey newton
An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.
black panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
h rap brown
Replaced Carmichael as leader of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comm., told blacks he advocated violence
richard nixon
1969-1964; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal; First president to resign
strom thurmond
Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party.
mecklenburg schools
forced to desegregate in 1971 by busing, denounced by nixon
south boston high
poor white school that used experimental busing and grade desegregation, but it totally failed
allan bakke
White student who was denied admission to University of California medical school because slots were reserved for minority students--brought his case to the supreme court. (Reverse Discrimination)
andrew young
Aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Ga's first black representative to the House of Representatives since Reconstruction. US Ambassador to the United Nations. Succeeded Jackson as mayor. Brought the Democratic Convention to Georgia and the 1996 Olympics t
mexican american political association
mobilized support for JFK and worked successfully with other organizations to elect Mexican AMerican candidates
joseph montoya
Chicano who New Mexico who was elected to the Senate in 1962
chicano
a term meaning "Mexican American", it's positive and it demonstrates a love for one's indigenous roots
la raza unida
A party organized in the late 1960s as a means of getting Mexican Americans to unite politically and to identify ethnically as one people.
united farm workers
organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez
cesar chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
american indian movement
led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre
indians of all tribes
Group of Red Power activists that abandoned federal prison if Alcatraz Island on San Francisco Bay; received national news coverage; 150 American Indians joined
grey panthers
labor union that protects the interests of older americans
stonewall riot
- New York city at a bar called Stonewall Inn - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement
presidential commission on the status of women
Advisory organizations within the bureaucracy that are headed by commissioners appointed by the president. An example is the Commission on Civil Rights.
equal employment opportunity commission
The equal right of all citizens to the opportunity to obtain employment regardless of their gender, age, race, country of origin, religion, or disabilities.
national organization for women
Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. modeled after naacp
womens liberation movement
1960s to present. argued that the traditional family form is oppressive for women and children. takes away womens independence and that we need to start looking at families differently (REINVISIONING THE FAM)
freedom trash can
women were invited to fling false eyelashes, hair curlers, bras and girdles all branded as symbols of female oppression this was known as ______