John Calvin and Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin preached Calvanism, basic doctrines were stated in the 1536 document entitled the Institutes of the Christian Religion, all humans are weak and wicked, only predestined could go to heaven, no matter what
Predestination
good works could not save those predestined for hell, no one could be certain of their spiritual status, gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of "conversion", in Calvanism
Puritans
Want to totally reform (purify) the Church of England, grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England, purify but not totally leave
Visible Saints
All Puritans believed that only "visible saints" (those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status) should be admitted to church membership,
Separatists
vowed to break away from the Church of England because the "saints" would have to sit with the "damned", King Charles mocked them out of England because they disliked him religiously and he was afraid it would turn politically
The Mayflower
a group of 102 (half separatists), negotiated with the VA Company to settle in its jurisdiction, non-separatists included Captain Myles Standish, Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the VA Comp., had no right to settle in land or set up government, landed in New England in 1620- not on Plymouth Rock like originally expected
Captain Myles Standish
a non-separatist on the Mayflower, proved to be a great Indian fighter and negotiater
Mayflower Compact
written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship, not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude government and submit to majority rule, signed by 41 adult males, led to meeting assemblies to make laws, kept community together,
William Bradford
chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in annual elections, was a great leader, and helped Plymouth survive and trade fur, fish, and number, self-taught scholar, worried about settlements of non-Puritans spring up nearby and corrupting Puritan society
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1629- non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Colony, wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England, they didn't want to leave the church, just its "impurities", in 1630 11 well stocked ships sent of and established Boston as its hub
Great Migration
1630s, turmoil in England (leading to the English civil war), sent about 70,000 Puritans to America, Not all puritans--> 20,000 came to MA, many also went to Barbados
John Winthrop
well-off attorney and manor lord in England, became 1st governor of Massachusetts, believed he had a calling from God to lead there, served in government for 19 years,
John Cotton
a prominent clergy member, was educated at Cambridge and had immigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution from his criticism of the Church of England
Michael Wigglesworth and the "Day of Doom
written in 1662, sol one copy for every 20 people, showed that the Puritan concept of hell was very serious and scary
Characteristics of New England Settlements
low morality- average life expectancy was 70 years of age, many extended families, average of 6 children per family, married at older age, took care of each other, held them accountable, spied
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan women had no rights, intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken women, threatened patriarchal control, 1638- she confounded the Puritan leaders for days, eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs directly from God, direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism because she is a woman and only men could talk to God according to Puritans, Puritan leaders banished her she and her family went to Rhode Island and later to New York, she and all by one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack, John Winthrop saw that this was God's hand punishing her
Antinomialism
means "against the law", carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination, Holy life was no sure sign of salvation, truly saved men didn't need to obey the law of God or man, thought that priests not needed- anyone can talk to God
Roger Williams
a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergy men to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England, he went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior, he was banished in 1635 (because found guilty of preaching new and dangerous ideas) and flew to the Rhode Island area
Rhode Island
founded by Roger Williams when he fled there in 1636, remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI, universal manhood suffrage- later restricted by a property qualification, opposed to special privilage of any kind, freedom of opportunity to all, became known as the "sewer" because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters- more liberal than any other colony!, religious toleration for everyone, no taxes to church, people in RI weren't similar, just different from everyone else, finally secured a charter in 1644
Covenant Theology
Covenant of Grace and Social Covenant
Covenant of Grace
Between Puritan communities and God
Social Covenant
Between the members of the puritans. Required mutual watchfulness (spying on each other).
Patriachy
male controlled church and government, and household, women were to be seen not heard
Thomas Hooker/Connecticut
In 1635, Hartford, Connecticut was founded, Rev. Thomas Hooker led an entergetic group of Puritans west, in 1638 New Haven was founded and eventually merged into Connecticut,
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, it was basically a modern constitution
Squanto
A Wampanoag Indian helped keep relative peace between Indians and settlers (Thanksgiving)
Wampanoags
near Plymouth, befriended the settlers
Massasoit
Chief Massasoit signed treaty with the settlers, autumn 1621- both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving
Pequot War
1637, Pequots- very powerful tribe in CT river valley, tensions exploded, whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River, whites set fire to homes and shot fleeing survivors, Pequot tribes virtually annihilated- an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years, tried to convert some remaining INdians after critisism from England
Metacom (King Philip)
Metacom- called king Philip by the English united neighboring Indians in a last-ditch attack that failed, 1675
King Philip's War
1675-1676- Indian's unite at final chance to beat British, war ended in failure for Indians, Metacom was beheaded and drawn and quartered, his son and wife were sold into slavery, never a serious threat in New England again
Blue Laws
In Massachusetts Bay colonies, no stage plays, cards, dice, or excessive hilarity
New England Confederation (1643-1686)
In 1643 four colonies banded together to form it, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut, almost all Puritan, it was weak but still a notable milestone toward American unity, colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths, Charles II wanted tighter reign on colonies and was surprised how much orders were ignored by Massachusetts- as punishment a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut and a charter was given to Rhode Island, in 1684- Massachusetts' charter was revoked
Dominion of New England ( 1686-1688)
created to bolster the colonial defense against the Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts, made by England
Navigation Acts
enforced to get closer to Britain by Dominion of New England, forbid American trade with countries other than Britain, smuggling became common
Sir Edmund Andros
head of the Dominion, established HQ in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England, his soldiers were vile mouthed, responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and revoking all land titles, he taxed the people without their consent
Glorious Revolution
at the same time the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution instating William and Mary to the crown- result the Dominion of New England collapsed
Henry Hudson
in 1609 he ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands
Dutch East and West India Companies
after the Netherlands revoked against Spain and gained their independence the Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships, the Dutch West India Company often raided rather than traded, It was the Dutch West India company that that bought Manhattan Island for some worthless trinkets (22,000 acres of the most valuable land in the world today)
New Amsterdam (Manhattan)
purchased by Dutch East and West India Companies, was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company in the interests of stockholders, attracted people of all types and races, did not care about religion, aristocratic, Cosmopolitan, profit centered
Patroonships
large areas of land given by the Dutch to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them
Wall Street
an Indian attack once got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam for which Wall Street is named today
Peter Stuyvesant
1655, one legged, sent by Dutch to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were everywhere in Delaware
How did the English come to control the Netherlands?
In 1664, Charles II granted New Netherland's land to his brother, the Duke of York (before he even controlled the area), 1664- English soldiers arrive, Dutch had to surrender without firing a shot, England now controlled New York and the whole Atlantic Coast
New Netherlands
founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624), established Dutch West India Company for quick profit in fur trade, would not pay much attention to the colony
What was the origin of the name New York?
King Charles II granted the land to his brother, DUKE OF YORK, who renamed it New York
William Penn and Pennsylvania
aristocratic Englishmen, 1660- attracted to the quaker faith, embraced quakerism after military service, 1681- he received a grant from the king to establish a colony- this settled the debt the king owed his father, named Pennsylvania, he sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers- his pamphlets were honest
The Quakers
called Quakers because they "quaked" during intense religious practices, they offended religious and secular leaders in England- refused to pay taxes in support of the Church of England, they met without paid clergy, believed all were children of God- refused to treat the upper classes with difference
Pennsylvania
bought did not steal from Indians, great relationship with Indians, BUT non-Quaker Europenas flooded PA- they treated natives poorly which undermined the actions of the Quakers, Gov.- represntative assembly elected by landowners, no tax supported church, freedom of worship to all, forced to deny right to vote and hold office to Catholics and Jews by English government, death penalty for only treason and murder (200 capital crimes in England), Society- attracted many different people, religious misfits, many ethnic groups, no provision for military defense, no immigration laws, no slavery, BLUE LAWS
Boston
heart of revolution
New Jersey
1664- split into east and west New Jersey and aristocratic propiertors received the area from the Duke of York, many New Englanders because of worn out soil, moved to NJ, 1674- west NJ sold to Quakers, East NJ eventually acquirred by Quakers, 1702- E and W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony, heavily influenced by quakers
Delaware
Named after Lord De La Warr (harsh military governor of VA in 1610), closely associated with Penn's colony, 1703- granted its own assembly, remained under control of PA until the American Revolution, not royal
Characteristics and Advantages of the Middle Colonies
1) all had fertile soil and broad expanse of land, 2) all except Delaware exported lots of grain, 3) The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls, 4) the middle colonies were the middle way between New England and the southern plantation states, 5) landholdings were generally intermediate in size, 6) the middle colonies were more ethnically mixed than other colonies, 7) considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailed, 8) Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, entered Philadelphia as a seventeen year old in 1720 with a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city, 9) Americans began to realize that not only were they surviving, but also thriving
Most English came to the Chesapeake on what terms?
they were indentured servants
What were "freedom dues"?
the dues (work) that indentured servants had to pay in order to work off their travels and become free
How did the Chesapeake Colonies differ from the New England settlers in the 1600's?
...
City Upon a Hill
Winthrop said they should be a "city upon a hill" and they had a covenant with God to make a holy society that would be a model for all mankind
Maine/NH
founded by a explorer and bought by Massachusetts, New Hampshire also absorbed by Massachusetts
Salutary Neglect
when the colonists were ignored by the British and could do as they pleased, caused by distance, etc. 1714-1760, when there were wars and economic problems back home in England
Member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the most political power-
visible saint" who could join the church because they were the only freemen who could vote and make decisions