L'Anse Aux Meadows
Site where Viking artifacts were found, indicating their presence around 1000 A.D.
John Winthrop
First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony (1630-1649).
Church of England
Founded by King Henry VIII - the state religion England.
Huguenots
French Protestants
Triangle Trade
The pattern of trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa
Albany Plan of Union
1754 - Early attempt to unite the colonies by Ben Franklin - proposal failed
French and Indian War
1754-1763 The war between Great Britain and France in North America. Britain became the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America.
Mercantilism
The theory that a nation should export more than they import.
Sir Edmund Andros
Governor of the Dominion of New England hated by colonists
Eunice Williams
Captured as a child in Deerfield Raid, refused to return to her Puritan family
Lord Baltimore
created Colony of Maryland based on religious freedom, primarily for Catholics
Reasons for Spanish colonization
Gold, converting natives to Christianity and land.
Pontiac Rebellion
1763 -1766 Native American uprising against English at the end of French and Indian war was named after Indian leader, Pontiac.
Bacon's Rebellion
An uprising of discontented backcountry settlers in 1676 in the Virginia Colony - Protesting lack of protection by colonial government
George Whitefield
An evangelical Anglican minster from England who took part in the Great Awakening in Massachussetts in 1738. He made the first of many tours of the colonies.
Nathaniel Bacon
A wealthy backcountry settler who led a rebellion against Virginia's governor
Stono Rebellion
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina.
Puritans
Came to America to practice their religion and settled Massachusetts Bay.
John Peter Zenger
Trial set precedent for freedom of the press during colonial times
Staple crops of the South
Tobacco, rice, indigo
Dominion of New England
Attempt by the British to gain more control of New England colonies by uniting them under one royal governor
Congregationalist
Question the strict Calvinist theology of predestination. Members of Puritan churches.
Jacques Cartier
Explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France
Poor Richard's Almanack
Written by Ben Franklin in (1732-57) - emphasized useful and practical knowledge.
William Penn
Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania
What colonial regions benefits most from slave trade? Why?
New England because they supplied the captains and the ships
Pocahontas
Chief Powhatan's daughter, later married John Rolfe of Virginia
Indentured Servant
Contracted worker in exchange for transport, food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities.
Columbian Exchange
Widespread exchange of animals, plants, cultures, diseases, and ideas between the western and eastern hemispheres.
Deerfield Raid
1704 - French & Native Americans attacked Deerfield, Massachusetts. 112 captives were taken to Canada. One third chose not to return
James Oglethorpe
Founded the colony of Georgia as a buffer - settlers came from debtors' prisons
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese navigator & map-maker - he spurred exploration
Spanish Armada 1588
Went to attack England and failed
Encomienda
Grant to a Spanish colonist that a certain number on Indians will pay tribute to him in the way of labor or goods
Reasons for English Colonization
Religious freedom, profit (gold, raw materials, cash crops)
Admiralty & Vice Admiralty Courts
1760s British Military courts used to try colonists for smuggling
Salem Witch Trials
1692 - 1693, twenty accused witches were killed mostly by hanging
Free Blacks in Colonial Times
relatively few - didn't have the same rights as white people.
Primogeniture
A law stated that the entire estate of a man would be passed to his first-born son when he died.
Entail
Possessions of a man could only be passed on to a certain successor when he died.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Established in 1630 by Puritans - eventually combined with Plymouth and became Massachusetts.
Holy Experiment
William Penn's plan to treat Indians fairly
Massachusetts General Court
The legislature in Massachusetts
French and Indian War- Causes
Competition for resources, power & expansion in the New World.
Middling Sort
economic middle class
French & Indian War effects on colonists
English debt causes crack down on collecting taxes - end of salutary neglect
Mayflower Compact
The governing document of the Plymouth colony
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer of St. Lawrence River - "father" of New France
Treaty of Paris 1763
Treaty that ends the French and Indian War (Seven Year War)
Pequot War
1637 - example of early conflict - Narragansett and Mohegan tribes join with Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay colonies to fight the Pequots
Henry Hudson
Explored northeastern North America and claimed NY area for the Dutch
Chesapeake colonies-why slow growth?
Colony mostly populated by men, swampy, diseases
Pilgrims
Separatists - believed the Church of England was corrupt and needed to start a new Church - founded Plymouth
Salutary Neglect
A period of time when the British did not enforce the Navigation Acts
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
the first formal constitution in the colonies
Georgia- why founded?
To resettle people from debtors prison in England and form a buffer against Spanish & Seminole attacks
Navigation Acts (1651, 1673, 1696)
A series of laws restricting trade between England and it's colonies in America
Sugar Islands- Barbados, Jamaica, Haiti
Most African slaves went to this region
Barracoons
Small wooden shacks where slaves were kept before arrival of slaves ships
Maryland- why founded?
As a refuge for Catholics in the colonies
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
First Great Awakening
A colonial religious revival that led people to question traditional religious authorities
Roanoke Colony
Lost Colony - disappeared while waiting for a resupply ship from England
Benjamin Franklin
A founding father. Published Poor Richards Almanack.
Halfway Covenant
Offered partial membership rights to people who have not yet converted.
New Inventions for Exploration
Compass, sextant, caravel
The "Starving Time
The first winter in Jamestown.
Anne Hutchinson
banished from Boston; helped founded Rhode Island
Methodist Religion
founded by John Wesley. Believed in no evil, practicing kindness, and God's word as law
Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion
natives part of society: natives not part of society
Fictive Kin
referring to someone as family (gramp, auntie), though they share no blood relation
Blended Culture
The blending of African culture with Colonial culture to create African American Culture
Deism
Religious belief that says God created the world and lets it run itself by natural law
John Locke
English philosopher - believed government should derive its power from the people whom it governed.
Pueblo Revolt
Ongoing rebellion to limit the Spanish expanding, longest lasting Native American revolt in American History
Christopher Columbus
Explorer trying to get to Asia landed in the West Indies
Peter Stuyvesant
Served as the last dutch director general in the colony of New Netherland form 1647-1664.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty singed by Spain and Portugal, that divided the new world.
House of Burgesses
First legislature established in Virginia.
The Scramble
A way of choosing slaves newly arrived in the Americas - Owners would rush to choose the best from slaves in an enclosure
Fort Duquesne
Strategic French stronghold - Important in French & Indian War
Maryland Act of Toleration
granted religious freedom and allowed one to worship as they pleased
Roger Williams
Founder of Rhode Island - banished from Massachusetts
Massachusetts School Law
every township that has 50 or more households must provide the community with a school house and school master
St. Augustine
First permanent European settlement in North America
Squanto
Indian who helped the Pilgrims during their first winter in Plymouth
Middle passage
part of Triangle Trade when slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas
Antinomianism
asserting that inner grace was sufficient to achieve salvation and that church ministers were unnecessary for that goal
Salutary Neglect
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
Bartolomeo de las Casas
a Spanish priest who was harshly critical of the Spanish treatment of Indians
Great Migration
Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.
New England town meetings
pure democracy"; meetings held congregational-style in churches to discuss politics and town matters.
task system
usually for rice cultivation, a task is assigned to the slave, and when they finish it the rest of the day is theirs
gang system
enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown
missions
religious settlements run by Catholic Priests and friars.
presidios
a Spanish fort built to protect the missions and other colonists.
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
King Philip's War
1675-1676 coordinated assaults on New England villages, The last major Indian effort to halt New Englander's encroachment on their lands
Plains of Abraham
a field near Quebec; the site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War
Reasons for French colonization
Fur trade and to convert Indians to Catholicism
Charleston
Major Southern colonial port
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America
New England Confederation
1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.
City upon a hill
Winthrop's name for Massachusetts Bay Colony symbolizing how it will be a Puritan example that others will look up to
Plymouth Colony
colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620
War of Jenkins Ear
1739, between British and the Spanish. Began because of Spanish attacks on British merchants in the West Indies
Glorious Revolution, effect on colonies
English overthrow of James II in 1688; Parliament gained more power than the king - will lead to conflict in the future
John Rolfe
Discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony & he married Pocahontas
Quakers
Religious group that settled Pennsylvania - believed in pacifism and equality for all.
Bering Strait
what people crossed when migrating to the Americas; land bridge
Harvard
The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry
Old Lights and New Lights
Old Lights supported the traditional churches before the Great Awakening, while New Lights broke with those traditions.
Thomas Hooker
Puritan minister who founded the colony of Connecticut in 1639
Captain John Smith
Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
Headright system
Parcels of land (about 50 acres) given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America.
Pennsylvania "Dutch
German-speaking Protestants who settled in Pennsylvania
Tobacco, rice, indigo
Cash crops in Southern colonies
English Reformation
Created the Church of England or Anglican Church as the official religion, still left little room for religious freedom
Jonathan Edwards
Preacher of the Great Awakening. His most popular sermon titled, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," appealed to thousands of re-awakened Christians.
Reason for exploration
find a new route to Asia for trade