Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction of 1863
� Reconstruct state governments to put unionists in charge
� Full Presidential pardons granted for those southerners who:
1. Took oath of allegiance to Union
2. Accepted slave emancipation
� The U.S President would recognize and accept a state government
Wade-Davis Bill of 1864
� Congress thought Lincoln's "10 Percent" was not strong enough
� This bill enforced greater terms for Reconstruction:
1. Required 50% of state voters to take loyalty oath
2. Permitted only non-Confedrates to vote for state constitution
� Lincoln pocket-v
Andrew Johnson
Johnson's Reconstruction Policy
� Similar to Lincoln's
� Additional to 10% plan was the loss to hold office or vote you were:
1. Fomer Confederate leader or officeholder
2. Confederate with $200,000 in taxable property
Still had ability to pardo
Freedmen's Bureau
� Created by Congress in March 1865 (Under Lincoln)
� Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands
� Provided food, shelter & aid for freed slaves and homeless whites
� Originally used confiscated land in South to resettle blacks
� Later - Johnson
Black Codes
� Adopted by state legilslatures in the South to restrict rights of blacks
1. Prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money to purchase land
2. Forced freedmen as "vagrants" to sign work contracts that were a form of semibondage
3. Proh
Radical Republicans
- Group of republicans who championed civil rights for blacks
- Most Republicans moderate, however shifted toward radical in 1866, partly due to fear of newly unified Democratic Party
Leaders of Radical Republicans
� Charles Sumner (MA senator)
� Thaddeus Stevens (PA house rep): wanted to use extended military occupation in south to revolutionize society for blacks so they could 1. Exercise civil rights, 2. Receive education, 3. Receive lands
� Ben Wade of OH: one o
Civil Rights Act of 1866
� Reps. Had ability to override veotes for Freedmen's Bureau Act + Civil Rights Act
� All African Americans - US Citizens
� Provided legal shield for 'Black Codes'
� Feared repeal of act - pushed for amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
� 1866
� All people born/naturalized in US were citizens
� Required states to respect citizens' rights and provide for "equal protection of the laws" + "due process"
� Disqualified previous Confederate leaders from holding offices
� rejected debts of fed.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
� 3 acts over Johnson's veto
� Divided Confederacy into 5 military districts
� Increased requirements for readmission to Union
Ratify 14th Amendment
Put guarentees in state constitutions for right to vote for males, regardless of race
Tenure of Office Act of 1867
� Over Johnson's veto
� Prohibited president from removing official without Senatorial approval
Johnson's Impeachment
� Act was strictly political: Reps. Wanted to protect their office holders (Sec. of War: Stanton) - in response: Johnson said it was unconstitutional and dismissed Stanton on his own
� Resulted in House impeachment of Johnson due to 11 "high crimes a
Fifteenth Amendment
� 1869 to secure right to vote for blacks
� Prohbited states from denying citizen's right to vote based on race, color or previous servituade
Election of 1868
� Dems: Seymour, Reps: Grant
� Grant - war hero but no political experience
� Reps won election by small margin (black voters were key)
� Rep. majority in Congress
Civil Rights Act of 1875
� Equal accomadations for public institutions
� Allowed blacks as juries in court (prohibited their exclusion)
� poorly enforced
Scalawags
Southern Republican nickname by democrats
Carpetbaggers
Northern newcomers nickname by democrats
- Supporters of Reps. In South - usually former Whigs/interested in economic development
Blanche K. Bruce & Hiram Revels
� Bruce and Revels - black senators + other reps sent to Congress by republicans
Revels elected in 1870 to fill MS Senate seat of Davis
Bitter for South
Sharecropping
� White system for farming and blacks
� Landlord provided seed and farm supplies for a share of harvest
� Caused dependency + debt
� New form of servitude
Spoilsmen & Patronage
� Political power given to manipulators (Senator Conlkin of NY + Blaine of Maine)
� Patronage + spoils system - giving jobs and favors to supporters
Jay Gould
Help from gov't to corner golf market in 1869
Treasury department broke scheme
Gould already made huge profit
Credit Mobilier
Stock to Congress to avoid investigation on profits from gov't railroad subsidies for building transcontinental railroad; up to 348%
Boss Tweed/Tweed Ring & Thomas Nast
the Dem. Party $200 million from NY taxpayer through schemes; revealed from NY Times' cartoonist Thomas Nast in 1871
Liberal Republicans
- Reform-minded Republicans anti-Grant - broke away and formed Liberal Republicans:
� Horace Greeley
� Civil service reform, end of railroad subsidies + withdrawal of troops in South
� Reduced tariff
� Democrats joined party - nominated Greeley as well
-
Panic of 1873/Greenbacks
- Panic of 1873:
� Economic disaster - unemployment for North industry
� Caused by overspeculation & overbuilding
� Debtors - wanted inflation (Greenback demands)
� 1874: Grant decides for bankers & stable money supply backed by gold - vetoed Gree
Redeemers
southern conservatives who took control of state governments in 1877 - state's rights, reduced taxes + spending on programs & white supremacy
KKK
- Ku Klux Klan: KKK - secret group of southerners that violently intimidated blacks and white reformers
� Founded by Forrest in 1867
� "Invisible empire"
� burned buildings & murdered freedmen to restrict votes
Force Acts of 1870 & 1871
Gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence to protect civil rights of others
Amnesty Act of 1872
General act that removed restrictions on ex-Confederates
- Allowed South to vote for Democrats
Election of 1872/Hayes/Tilden
Election of 1876:
- Troops only remained in SC, FL & LS
- Reps: Hayes of Ohio because untouched by corruption
- Dems: Tilden of NY who fought corrupt Tweed
- Tilden won popular vote but issue with returns from occupied states
- Special electoral commi
Compromise of 1877
Deal worked out over election issue:
� Hayes would become president if he would 1. Immediately end fed. Support for republicans in south & 2. Support southern transcontinental railroad
� Hayes stuck to arrangements - troops out of south - officially e