dumbbell tenement
high rise urban building that provided barrackslike housing for urban slum dwellers
New Immigrants
term for most post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe
Birds of Passage
immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land
social gospel
the religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems
Hull House
settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
social worker
profession established by jane mcaddams and others that opened new doors for women while engaging in urban problems
american protection agency
nativist organization that attacked new immigrants and roman catholics in the 1880s and 1890s
roman catholics
the church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of new immigration
Tuskegee Institute
black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts
NAACP
organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality
Progress and Poverty
Henry George's best selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land
Comstock Law
federal law promoted by a self appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Women and Economics
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child care centers
National American Women's Suffrage Association
organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
Women's Christian temperance union
women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
Louis Sullivan
chicago based architect whose high rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space
Dwight L. Moody
popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old time revivalism to the industrial city
Jane Addams
leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women
Walter Rauschenbusch
leading protestant adovocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems
Mary Baker Eddy
author and founder of a popular new religion based on the principles of spiritual healing
Booker T. Washington
former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
W. E. B. Du Bois
harvard educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth
William James
harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy
Henry George
controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land
Emily Dickinson
gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death
Mark Twain
midwestern born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor
Victoria Woodhull
radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870's
Anthony Comstock
vigorous nineteenth century crusader for sexual purity who used federal law to enforce his moral views
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality
Henry Adams
well connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past