bonanza farms
large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to wo
Coxey's Army
Supporters of Ohio populist Jacob Coxey who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed; although this group had no effect whatsoever on policy, it did demonstrate the social and economic impact of the Panic
Populist party
formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy
Farmer's Alliance
organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.
tight money
policy that took paper money used during the Civil War out of circulation.
Sitting Bull
One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man " as wily as he was influential." He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Was from 1876-1877.( The war was touched off when a group of miners rushed into the Black Hills of South Da
Crazy Horse
He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people Chief Joseph tried retreating to Canada with his people. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in
Chief Joseph
Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations
Geronimo
Geronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he sur
John Wesley Powell
explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian
Benjamin Harris
Came to Boston in 1686 to publish a regularly scheduled newspaper. His greatest success came from a spelling book called the New England Primer. In 1690, he founded Publick Occurrences.
William Jennings Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school1860-1925)
Helen Hunt Jackson
an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.
Sioux Wars
The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians wer
Nez Perce
Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada.
Apache
Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma
Ghost Dance
A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform
Battle of Wounded Knee
A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the
Dawes Severalty Act
1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American
Little Big Horn
General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Homestead Act
Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.
Sooner State
Oklahoma's nickname because about 500.000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 1907
Safety-valve theory
As the pop. Of US begins to increase there has always been a way to release pop. Pressure: West has always acted as a safety valve; by 1890 valve was gone... no more frontier
Granger laws
During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed,
Farmers' Alliance
This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. The Farmers' Alliance sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroa
Jim Crow Laws
Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
Colored Farmers National Alliance
More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in th
Pullman Strike
in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
Cross of Gold Speech
An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
Gold Standard Act
Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.
Homestead Act
This law, passed in 1862, stated that a settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and pay a minimal fee of $30.00 just for living on it for five years and settling it. A settler could acquire it for only six months and pay $1.25 an acre. This was impo
Dry Farming
a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.
McKinley Tariff
1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
Sixteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.
fourth party system
A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and
mechanization of agriculture
The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of
mining industry
After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also
Populists
Officially known as the People's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the rai
reservation system
The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individuall
Frederick Jackson Turner
American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
Jacob S. Coxey
A socialist American politician, who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. Supported and helped establish paper money. Led protest of unemployment from Panic of 1893
William McKinley
25th President of the United States
Marcus Alonzo Hanna
Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.
Buffalo Soldiers
African-American soldiers that formed one-fifth of the frontier soldiers after the Civil War, nicknamed for the resemblance between their hair and the buffaloes'.
George Armstrong Custer
Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1.
Long Drive
Process in which Texas cowboys would drive herds of cattle thousands strong over the plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City, Abilene, or Cheyenne.
Greenback Labor Party
Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the Pullman strike of 1894 and of the American Railway Union.
Dingley Tariff Bill
Raised tariff pushed through in 1897 by Republicans who had contributed strongly to Mark Hanna's campaign. Lobbyists raised the average rates to 46.5 percent.
Bison
Which animal, whose population diminished due to white intruders, did the native americans of the plains highly depend on?
true
True or False; the white settlers and soldiers expanding west increased native american violence between tribes
Great Sioux Reservation
where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothingthey were never sufficiently taken care of)
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
which act partially reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restor the tribal basis of Indian life that was stripped by the Dawes Severalty Act?
Farmers' Alliances
the 1890s Peoples/Populist Party evolved from?
Long Drive
When Texas cowboys drove herds numbering from 1,000 to 10,000 slowly over unfenced and unpeopled plains- this was called?
dry farming
a type of farming used to try and grow crop in drought stricken areas that created a finely pulverized surface which would contribute to the Dust Bowl
deflation
large cash crops such as wheat and corn made farmers unhappy because they needed machines and lots of land for which they needed to borrow money thus causing?
regulating railroads
The State Granger laws helped farmers distribute crops nationally by
Carlisle Indian School
in Pennsylvania to educate and civilize Indians, motto = "Kill the Indian and save the man
Frontier Thesis
Americans developed new characteristicsrugged, democratic, and individualistic) b/c frontier and westward expansion
Placer Mining
mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredginglike panning for gold)
Comstock Lode
valuable silver found here, causing many Californians and "fifty-niners" to migrate and settle Nevada
100th meridian
imaginary line from the Dakotas to Texas dividing the East and the West
Sodbuster
the nickname given to farmers on the Great Plains because they used plows to break up the thick grasssod) and reach the soil below
1890 Census
the frontier was officially settle and used many different types of information that wasn't able to be measured before such as jobs, race, age, etc.
1700-1800
Date: New Indian peoples move onto Great Plains
1858
Date: Pike's Peak gold rush
1859
Date: Nevada Comstock Lode discovered
1862
Date: Homestead Act
1864
Date: Sand Creek Massacre
1864
Date: Nevada admitted into the Union
1867
Date: National Grange organized
1876
Date: The Battle of Little Bighorn
1876
Date: Colorado admitted into Union
1877
Date: Nez Perce Indian War
1881
Date: Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor
1884
Date: Federal government outlaws Indian SunDance
1885-1890
Date: Local chapters of Farmer's Alliance formed
1887
Date: Dawes Severalty Act
1889
Date: Oklahoma opened to settlement
1889-1890
Date: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming all admitted to the Union
1890
Date: Census bureau declares frontier line ended
1890
Date: Emergence of People's partyPopulists)
1890
Date: Battle of Wounded Knee
1892
Date: Populist candidate James B. Weaver polls more than 1 million votes in presidential election
1893
Date: Fredrick Jackson Turner publishes "The Significance of the Frontier in American History
1894
Date: "Coxey's army" marches on Washington
1894
Date: Pullman strike
1896
Date: Utah admitted to Union
1896
Date: McKinley defeats Bryan for presidency
1897
Date: Dingley Tariff Act
1900
Date: Gold Standard Act
1907
Date: Oklahoma admitted to the Union
1924
Date: Indians granted US citizenship
1934
Date: Indian Reorganization Act
1851,1853
Dates: Federal government tries to pacify the Plains Indiannsby signing treaties at Fort Latamie and Fort Atkinson. Marked the beginning of the reservation system.
1864
Date: Sand Creek Massacre
Sand Creek Massacre
At Sand Creek, Colorado, Colonel J. M. Chivington's army murdered about 400 Indians, men, women, and children, in cold blood.
Colonel J.M Chivington
Commander of the militia responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre.