Great Columbia/Biological Exchange
between America (got cattle, pigs) and Europe (got corn, potatoes, beans); nourish world; europeans give Indians disease
Christopher Columbus
(1492) of Spain began exploration of Americas; exploitation of natives; began trans-Atlantic slave trade; Columbian exchange
Bartolomeo de las Casas
(1552) wrote testimony to the European cruelty towards native peoples; helped to win limited reforms to protect Indians + "Black Legend"; History of the Indies & A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies
Spanish Empire
autocratic/mercantilistic/catholic development of self-sustaining economies less important that conversion of "heathens" to Catholicism (mission system) and search for gold and silver
French Empire
autocratic; small in numbers; have cordial relations with indigenous populations; traders and Jesuits
English/British Empire
representative assemblies with diverse economy; larger population composed of transplation of families; business enterprises; more independent pol/econ/social practices
Jamestown
(1607) first permanent English settlement in America; John Smith; saved by cultivation of tobacco (John Rolfe)
Plymouth Colony
(1620) founded by Pilgrims/Separatists; self-governing/royal colony
Mayflower Compact
agreement to obey laws created by community and profession of allegiance to the king; created consensual agreement between Separatists and non-religious
Chesapeake Colonies
made up of Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco; Church of England; Maryland Act of Toleration; plantation economy w/cheap labor; headright system
Virginia Colony
1607 - Jamestown - London Company; charter to stock company/Royal
1619
first Africans brought to British colonies; establishment of House of Burgesses
House of Burgesses
first elected/representative assembly in the Americas; fulfillment of promise to colonists of full rights as Englishmen
Bacon's Rebellion
uprising against colonial gvt.; caused by conflict between backcountry and indians; governor prevented westward expansion; Jamestown burned; Indians lose land; reduction of taxes for free
Maryland Colony
(1634); Proprietary = owned by Calvert Family; freedom of religion with certain act and established religion with Church of England
Toleration Act
of 1649 allowed freedom of religion in Maryland to all who believed in the Trinity; was granted to protect Catholics from interference by other Christians
New England Colonies
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts; Puritans of Mass. Bay vs/ Pilgrims/Separatists of Plymouth; religiously intolerant (besides RI); better education; more democratic
Massachusetts Bay Colony
(1630) religions and economic factors intertwined to influence Puritans to migrate; joint-stock company; theocratic republic
John Winthrop
leader of Mass. Bay Colony; we shall be city upon a hill
City Upon a Hill
exemplified American view that they are to serve as an example of a model/society/moral community/moral commonwealth to the world
Anne Hutchinson
she disagreed with Mass. Church fathers over doctrine (believed one could directly communicate w/God and gain assurance of salvation); expelled from colony
King Philip's War
(1675-76) bloodiest war in colonial history; colonists won; New England Indians eliminated as obstacle to west expansion; colonists united
Salem Witch Trials
produced largest outpouring of accusations; witchcraft hysteria in New England
Rhode Island Colony
(1636) self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic
Roger Williams
migrated from Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island; established disestablishment and religious toleration
Disestablishment
separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by state/gvt.
Connecticut Colony
(1636) by Thomas Hooker; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders
Fundamental Orders
written in 1639 it was first written constitution in the New World
New Amsterdam
founded by Dutch in 1624; took over as royal colony by England in 1664
Restoration Colonies
Charles II renewal of American Colonization (Carolinas, Pennsylvania) from 1660-85
New York Colony
won in 1664 from Dutch; became English royal colony
Pennsylvania Colony
proprietary colony founded in 1683 by William Penn; settled by Quakers; bought lands from Indians and allowed religious freedom
William Penn
founder of Pennsylvania; "The Holy Experiment" - allowed complete religious freedom and bought land from the Indians
Georgia Colony
founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe; settled by debtors and unfortunates; border between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas; religious toleration to all Protestant Christians but not Catholics; first proprietary than royal
James Oglethorpe
founded Georgia in 1733
Mercantilism
colonies served economic interest of mother country; nations grow rich at expense of other nations; export less and import less; develop manufacturing; gain colonies that have raw materials and a re market for finished goods; accumulate mineral wealth
Triangular Trade
colonies developed variety of trading products and partners; between mainland colonies, West Africa, Caribbean, Europe
Navigation Acts
foundation of English mercantile laws; European goods had to go to England first before going to America; restricted transport of colonial commerce
Salutary/Benign Neglect
description of English policy (esp. 1721-63) of allowing American colonies to economically develop w/o excessive govt. regulation from Britain; allow some political/social/religious freedom; created b/c of England's domestic problems w/Glorious Revolution
Dominion of New England
1686 King James II combined CT, Plymouth, MA, RI, NH, NY, NJ, into single entity ruled by royal governor; eliminated all representative assemblies, strictly enforced the Navigation Acts; eliminated in 1689 as a result of the Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution (In America)
Elimination of Dominion of England in 1689; Plymouth added to Massachusetts in 1691; Reinstatement of legislative assemblies; Coode's Rebellion; some royal governors; more closely intertwined empire
Puritanism
build better society in America; strong sense of mission and destiny; no abandoning English Church, but were assaulting on its corruption
Enlightenment
the power of human reason to promote progress by revealing natural laws that governed both nature and society; decreased importance in organized religion; ideas of John Locke; deism
John Locke
natural rights and social contract theory of gvt.; one is born with particular rights that cannot be taken away Two Treatise of Government (1690); property guaranteed liberty; if gvt. abuses its power, people have right to create new gvt.
Benjamin Franklin
practiced Enlightenment ideals; self-made man; most democratic founding father; advocate of religious toleration; need for scientific reserach/importance of education + middle class
First Great Awakening
increased democratization; challenged traditional authority in religion; reaction against Enlightenment; emotionalism/revivalism in 1740s
Jonathan Edwards
Congregational revivalist during Great Awakening; Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - experience new birth through religious conversion
George Whitfield
revivalist during Great Awakening; turned church into theater; drama of performances appealed to people of all classes, ethnic groups, and races
18th Century Immigration
increase in non-English immigrants and fewer English immigrants; Scots-Irish, Scots, Germans, Dutch, Africans; poor move west for cheaper land
American Slavery
less harsh b/c slaves are like market items; lifelong/generational; destructive of family ties; slavery based on race; quality of life depended on owner; enforced by owner
Stono Rebellion
1739 in South Carolina; largest slave revolt during colonial period
Zenger Case
1734 newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of gvt. if factually true
French and Indian/Seven Years' War
(1756-1763); ended with Treaty of Paris; Britain gains Ohio River Valley; increase British debt w/increased territory to police -> increased tensions
Albany Plan of Union
fear of French and Indian power (1754); federal council w/representatives from each colony; for colonial defense, Indian policy; financed by taxes; not approved by single colonial assembly
Benjamin Franklin's Achievements
spread Enlightenment ideals; need for scientific ideals; importance of education; religious toleration; presided over Declaration, Treaty of Paris, and Constitution; anti-slavery advocate
Pontiac's Rebellion
tribes unite and capture british posts west of Appalachians; stop rebellion; Britain issues Proclamation of 1763 to prevent colonial settlement west of Appalachians
Proclamation of 1763
attempt to stop colonization of West by closing land b/t Appalachian Mts. and Miss. River to prevent conflict w/Indians and control west expansion
Stamp Act
1765, in order to pay for new army to police new territories, colonists forced to pay tax on printed documents in colonies such as legal docs.; violators tried in juryless courts
Sons of Liberty
led by Sam Adams (created in response to Stamp Act); resistance group in attempt to protect property; a secret colonial organization assembled during the American Revolutionary War that consisted of traders, lawyers, and artisans
Daughters of Liberty
led by Mercy Otis Warren (created in response to Stamp Act); wore homespun clothing instead of English finery, served coffee instead of tea, and boycotted shops selling British goods
Declaratory Act
1766) passed by Parliament; stated had authority over colonies "in all cases whatsoever"; passed same day Stamp Act repealed; Britain still have sovereignty
Townshend Acts
(1767) placed tax on imported paper, tea...; colonial boycott led to repeal of all duties except tea
Boston Massacre
(1770) british soldiers fired upon Boston townspeople; several killed; before townshend acts repealed
Boston Tea Party
1773; enraged by monopoly of tea trade and English refusal to rescind tea tax, men boarded ships and emptied tea into harbor
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
(1774) in retaliation for Boston Tea Party, British gvt. closed port of Boston until tea paid for, reduced powers of self-gvt. for Mass.; forced colonists of Mass. to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of
American Revolution (1775-83)
british advantages: superior armaments/training and experience but distance is disadvantage; American advantages: home, terrain, leadership but untrained and rivalries between states and lack of money/supplies/organization
Continental Congress
(1774) - declaration of rights and grievances sent to George III b/c Parliament's authority no longer recognized; called for repressive legislation since 1763; no authority to levy taxes; Second in 1775 = results included Washington as chief, Congress ass
Paine's Common Sense
January 1776, rejected institution of monarchy/King George; helped to change popular opinion about the war in favor in complete independence from Britain
Declaration of Independence
July 1776 at 2nd Continental Congress; statement of natural rights and social contract theories of John Locke and its application to the American crisis; indictments against King & Parliament; colonists now rebels
General George Washington
commander of chief of the American Continental Army; kept U.S. army in the field during revolution; voluntarily surrendered military power by resigning as Commander in Chief (1784); prevented military overthrow of cent. gvt (Newburgh Conspiracy-1783)
Battle of Saratoga
in 1777; British army forced to surrender; turning point of the war as France entered on American side and formed alliance
French Alliance
result of Battle of Saratoga; helped Americans ultimately win war
Loyalists
colonists who supported British during war; political officeholders, merchant, minorities, Indians, those who feared disorder & the common people; many exiled/harassed
Articles of Confederation
short-term central gvt.; created 1777 but did not go into effect until 1781; unicameral legislature; no separate executive/judiciary (no separation of powers); only request taxes from states; conduct wars/foreign relations; could not regulate/draft troops
Newburgh Conspiracy
in 1783, officers in Washington's Army threatened to overthrow Articles of Confederation gvt. unless they received the back pay they owed; stopped by Washington
Peace of Paris (1783)
ended war; independence of US recognized by Britain; west border is Mississippi River; Congress recommend restoration of property and rights to Loyalists; British evacuate
Republicanism
all power comes directly from the people/sovereignty lies with the people; people play a role in selecting political leadership and with limits on power of govt.
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
weakened Anglican Church by it being disestablished in Virginia and Maryland in 1786; author is Thomas Jefferson
Republican Motherhood
belief that mothers held responsibility for raising informed and self-reliant citizens; led to more education for women + expansion of female literacy
Land Ordinance & Northwest Ordinance
1785 and 1787 respectively; LO created system by which western lands could be surveyed and sold (grid system); NO created northwest territory that could be eventually divided into 3 to 5 territories; new states legally equal to older states - slavery proh
Shays' Rebellion
summer 1786 to Jan. 1787; debtor revolt in reaction against state taxes and crippling debt; wanted program of tax relief, paper money; convinced leaders of new, national constitution with stronger central gvt
Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention
Summer 1787; leading reformer was Alexander Hamilton to overhaul Articles of Confederation; approval of national gvt. with three separate branches to replace articles of Confederation; led by Washington; eventual compromise on Constitution
James Madison
wrote Virginia plan to replace Articles of Confederation; helped write/ratify Bill of Rights; Federalist; made President in 1810, started 2nd national bank; believed listing of rights would limit individual rights; declared war; participate in Federalist
Virginia Plan
Madison's plan; favored large states; bicameral legislature (house determined by population and lower house select representation of 2nd house)
New Jersey Plan
William Paterson; favored small states; unicameral legislature with equal representation; expanded power of Congress to tax and regulate commerce
Great Compromise
accepted July 16, 1787; bicameral legislature (Congress) = senate (equal representation) and house of representatives (based on population)
3/5 Compromise
slaves counted as 3/5 of a free person in determining representation and taxation
Charles Beard's Constitution Thesis
framers had designed Constitution to safeguard the kind of property in which they had a pocketbook interest
Ratification of the Constitution Debate
Opponents (anti-federalists) feared central power and wanted Bill of Rights; Constitution ratified at conventions; ultimately ratified b/c support of Washington and Franklin (Federalists), Federalist Papers, promise to add Bill of Rights
Federalist Papers
written by John Jay, Madison, and Hamilton in attempt to get delegates to approve Constitution; respond to objections against expanding power of central government
Bill of Rights
ratified 1791 to preserve inalienable rights; secure freedoms of individuals from being violated by federal gvt.; 9th = rights listed in Constitution are not only rights of people; 10th = people and states would keep powers not given specifically to the f
Washington Presidency (1789-97)
federalist; implemented Constitution, created Cabinet and federal court system, oversaw addition of Bill of Rights, supported Hamilton's establishment of U.S. financial system, kept America out of wars + emphasized need to avoid world affairs
Hamilton's Financial Program
bolster national credit; funding at par; assumption = new central gvt. pay off debts from Revolutionary War; pary national debt; establish Bank of the US; support industrial development; creditors invest in gvt -> creditors get interest when paid back so
Establishment of Washington D.C. as nation's capital
assumption compromised by moving political center of United States to Washington D.C.
Neutrality Proclamation
1793, said US would remain neutral in world affairs and warned Americans to be impartial toward European conflicts
Jay's Treaty
1794, British navy seized US ships which outraged US public opinion; Britain agreed to withdraw from frontier posts and loosen some trade restrictions; did not guarantee no more seizures of ships; prevented war with Britain
Pinckney's Treaty
1795, between US and Spain; allowed US free navigation of Mississippi River and use of New Orleans
Whiskey Rebellion
uprising by PA farmers in response to excise revenues and taxes on whiskey established in Hamilton Financial System; Hamilton used rebellion as opportunity to use fed. power
First Party System: Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans
Federalists (Hamilton)= industrial society w/complex economy, strong central gvt., loose interpretation of Constitution. Republicans (Jefferson/Madison) = decentralized, agrarian society, agricultural economy, central gvt. w/limited powers + belief in sta
Washington's Farewell Address
US should avoid permanent alliances and factions
John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801)
federalist; events include alien&sedition acts, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Quasi War, XYZ Affair
XYZ Affair
France angered by Jay's Treaty -> captured US ships (1787); French agents demanded loan for France and a bribe for French officials before negotiations began; Americans refused
Quasi-War
result of XYZ Affair; undeclared naval war with France (1798-1800) and department of Navy created
Alien & Sedition Acts
president given power to jail aliens during wartime; fed. gvt to prosecute those engaged in sedition (creating rebellion against gvt.); no aliens deported (immigration discouraged) and 10 Republican newspaper editors arrested (1798)
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Reaction against Alien and Sedition Acts written by Jefferson and Madison; fed. gvt had been formed by contract among states and possessed only certain delegated powers -> states had right to nullify laws that exceeded delegated powers; elevated disputes
Election of 1800
first time political political faction/party peacefully surrendered power to opponents; Jefferson won despite attempt by his Vice President Burr to become President; decided by House of Representatives; led to 12th amendment = separate electoral vote for
Midnight Appointments
Adams appointed Federalists to new judgeships to counter Jeffersonian policies (Judiciary Act of 1801)
Jefferson's Presidency (1801-1809)
democratic-republican; need to unify nation, limit gvt. role in economy, Louisiana Purchase, prevent war with Britain
Second Great Awakening
most intense in late 1820s and 1830s; reaction against drop in traditional religious practice; rejection of skeptical rationalism of Deism and Unitarianism; emphasis on personal relgious conversion and rejection of predestination; humans achieve salvation
Charles Finney
leader of Second Great Awakening; urban/city preacher; successful in burned over district of NY
Louisiana Purchase
1803, doubled size of US; expansion of presidential power, increased power of Republicans: more land -> more farmers -> more Republicans
Lewis/Clark Expeditions
1804-1806 exploration of territory gained in Louisiana Purchase
Burr Conspiracy
vice president advocated conquest of Mexico with plan to separate Southwest territory to create new nation; tried for treason; consequence: demonstrated potential instability of US
Impressment
Britain praying on US ships/sailors during period of 1803-1815 looking for British deserters; abducted many US sailors in the process
Chesapeake-Leonard Incident
Britain attacked US ship in 1807 -> Embargo Act and war fever
Embargo Act
forbade ships from sailing to any foreign ports; resulted in economic depression; did prevent war at 1808
Tenskwatawa/"The Prophet
charismatic religious leader/orator who inspired a religious revolt among Indians; unified many Indian tribes
Tecumseh & The Indian Confederation
more secular than brother Tenskwatawa; created unification of tribes to resist U.S. expansion
James Madison's Presidency (1809-1817)
democratic-republican; includes War of 1812, Protective Tariff and renewal of bank, beginning of Era of Good Feelings
War Hawks
new, young generation of political leaders that were aggressive and impatient to conquer Florida and Canada and believed Britain lacked respect for US; Henry Clay and John. C. Calhoun; pushed for war with Britain
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
pressure of war hawks caused war to begin; ended with Treaty of Ghent in 1814; reduction of threat from Europe, beginning of Era of Good Feelings, and growth in industry/domestic market
Hartford Convention
Federalists opposed war of 1812; advocation of nullification, proposed 7 amendments to Constitution to limit federal gvt. -> created perception Federalists had been treasonous and led to their collapse
Treaty of Ghent
ended War of 1812; no territorial changes (signed in 1814)
Battle of New Orleans
tremendous American victory by Andrew Jackson in 1815; fought after Treaty of Ghent had been signed
James Monroe's Presidency (1817-1825)
included goodwill tour of the US, Adams-Onis Treaty, Tariff of 1824, Era of Good Feelings, and End of "First Party System", + certain doctrine
Era of Good Feelings
period from 1815-1824 of little political tension; created b/c of no important international threats; end of first party system + little domestic division, expansion of economy and trade; growth of settlement/trade in West w/creation of new states
Adams-Onis/Transcontinental Treaty
Spain ceded Florida to US; established border between US and Spanish Mexico in 1819
Monroe Doctrine
any european attempt to extend their political systems to the Americans would be seen as threat; U/S/ would not get involved in European affairs; expression of American nationalism; noncolonization/nonintervention (1823)
U.S. Industrial Revolution
transformation of manufacturing; power-driven machines took place of hand-operated tools especially after 1815
Eli Whitney
created cotton gin in 1790s and debatably interchangeable parts
Samuel Slater
he started the first modern U.S. factory (1790) in Rhode Island
Tariff of 1816
stimulated growth in U.S. industry and domestic market after War of 1812; first protective in U.S. History; aided budding of American industries by raising prices of foreign goods
Second Bank of the U.S.
chartered in 1816 although had ended in 1811; president had realized the need of an industry to create war time materials - why they almost lost; president twenty years had argued against its creation; powers to force states to issue only sound notes
National Road
proposed 1807; construction began in 1811 in MD and ended 1818 in St. Louis; proposed by Gallatin
Robert Fulton
invented clermont which improved steamboat
Erie Canal
built in 1817, it created economic importance of NYC; accelerated growth of national market by reducing cost of transportation; tied north to west
De Witt Clinton
while governor of New York he was largely responsible for construction of Erie Canal
Bonus Bill
vetoed by Madison; would of allowed central gvt. to finance internal improvements
Lowell-Waltham System
workers are young, single women; lived in company housing; low wages; ended in 1830s and 40s w/immigration of Irish workers; model community at center of textile manufacturing; textiles - power loom + shoes (Lynn, MA)
Separate Spheres
women had little access to business/political work; also known as cult of domesticity; women possessed area where superior to men; custodians of morality; emphasis on wife/mother
John Marshall's Supreme Court
(1801-35); shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of fed. gvt over state; support of economic activity
Marbury vs. Madison
supreme court case that established judicial review
Gibbons decision
supreme court case that said congress alone regulated interstate commerce
Dartmouth College decision
supreme court case that said corporation contracts were inviolable and could not be controlled by state gvt; placed restrictions on power of state gvt. to control corporations
McCulloch decision
supreme court case that upheld constitutionality of Bank of US; Congress had "implied powers" b/c necessary and proper clause; established loose construction of Constitution
Worcester decision
supreme court case that invalidated Georgia law that required US citizens entering Cherokee territory to obtain permission from governor; tribes were sovereign entities; define place for Indians within American political system
Antebellum Urbanization
enlarged population due to largest immigration in US history; migration to cities b/c native farming classes forced of land due to changes in agriculture and b/c immigrants; improved transportation, beginnings of industrialization
Squatters & Preemption
western settlers (poor) who developed public land before they purchased it; demanded right to buy at minimum price land they developed before offered at auction; prevent speculators from bidding up price of land
Panic of 1819
after war there was decreased demand for American farm goods + land boom; state banks did not have money to pay back loans and closed down; results included depression until 1823, beginning of end of Era of Good Feelings, created divisions among Republica
Sectionalism
South feared federal gvt.'s implied powers could lead to prohibition of slavery; states rights over fed. gvt.; sense of identity - loyalty to one's region; slavery south vs. free north
Missouri Crisis & Compromise
by henry clay; missouri admitted as slave state, maine as free; purpose to maintain balance of power between free and slave slaves; slavery a national issue for first time
Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America
wrote about general equality of condition among the people; America had no rigid distinctions of rank (upper class); wondered how long it could survive b/c industralism
Election of 1824
Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson; Clay threw votes to Adams b/c Jackson did not support Clay's American System and Jackson was Clay's most formidable opponent in west
Corrupt Bargain
Adams makes Clay secretary of State; Jackson supporters angry b/c Jackson was entitled to victory + Clay had thrown his votes to Adams
Henry Clay
war hawk;" helped in Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1833, Compromise of 1850; ran for office in 1824; ran as National Republican in 1832 in efforts to recharter bank; eventual Whig b/c Jackson did not support American System
American System
created by Henry Clay; to knot together different US sections into unified economic system; create home market for factory/farm producers by raising protective tariff, strengthening national bank, and financing internal improvements
Andrew Jackson's Presidency (1829-1837)
Era of Common Man;" marked by universal manhood suffrage, sectionalism w/Nullification Crisis, Removal of Eastern Europeans, the Bank War, Roger Taney, emergence of Second Party System
Universal Manhood Suffrage
western states expand vote first -> eastern states forced to expand vote (did not want to lost residents to west); spread of democratic ideology; vote included all white males
Dorr Rebellion
resistance to expansion of suffrage/vote; attempt to reform RI constitution (to expand electorate) was resisted by "old guard" (1840-1482); reform eventually took place
Spoils System
people who support candidate get gvt. jobs; end "class of permanent officeholders"; rotation in office; b/c first time new party had taken over since 1800 = National Republicans vs. Democratic Republicans (Jackson) in 1828
National Party Conventions
method of nominating presidential candidates; power would arise directly from people; Jackson against congressional caucus
Maysville Road Veto
vetoed b/c Jackson thought government should no aid economic development; Maysville Road (intrastate w/federal funds)
Daniel Webster
senator from Mass.; said Liberty and Union Speech, eventual Whig b/c supported industrialism, Bank of US, protective tariff; against nullification
Liberty and Union" Speech
said by Daniel Webster; "the people's gvt., made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people...____ and ____, now and for ever, are one and inseparable
John C. Calhoun
South Carolinian and VP to Jackson; right of nullification: fed. gvt - creation of the states thus states - final judges of constitutionality of laws; nullification is alternative to secession -> pressure fed. gvt to reduce tariff; eventual Whig just b/c
Tariff of Abominations
angered South Carolinians and blamed for economic stagnation in 1828 -> nullification; raised duty rates
South Carolina Exposition and Protest Nullification Crisis
South Carolina outlined the theory of nullification in 1828; written by Calhoun; states are final constitutionality of fed. laws
Nullification Crisis
SC forbid collection of tariffs for fed. gvt. in state from 1832-33; led by Calhoun; little relief from Tariff of 1832 (manufactured goods cost a lot); settled with Compromise Tariff of 1833
Force Bill
Jackson's response to Nullification Crisis; authorized President to use military to enforce acts of Congress
Compromise Tariff of 1833
created by Henry Clay; tariff gradually lowered -> protective tariff eliminated; South Carolina repealed nullification of tariffs
(eastern) Indian Removal
process of white westerners wanting valuable Indian (savages) land (1830-42); money appropriated to negotiate treaties and remove Indians; Indian Intercourse Act created Indian territory in Oklahoma
Trail of Tears (1838)
during Van Buren presidency, used treaty to force Cherokees west to Oklahoma; many perished on the way
Bank War
Jackson vetoed recharter bill in order to prevent earlier panics from occurring again; blamed recession on Biddle; lead to Panic of 1837
Taney Court
private property and activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures; expand economic opportunity; replaced marshall court
Charles River Bridge Case
supreme court case; dispute between two Mass. companies over right to build bridge; decision: mass. allowed to issue new charter to second company b/c to promote progress and advance well-being of community
Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs
Whigs (opposed Jackson = Webster, Calhoun, Clay) - fed. gvt aid economic development (American System), cautious of territorial expansion; Democrats (Jackson, Van Buren) - limit fed. gvt. power and protect states rights, suspicious of gvt. attempts to sti
Presidency of Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
presidency included Panic of 1837; created Independent Treasury/Subtreasury System; loaned money to states for infrastructure; would not involve gvt. to stop depression
Panic of 1837 & economic depression
land speculation and easy credit weakened pet banks; caused worldwide economic depression, sever hardship in US, effect of existence of a market economy; Van Buren opposed gvt. intervention into economy + crated Independent Treasury
Independent Treasury
created by Van Buren administration; fed. gvt. place govt. fund in independent treasury; no private banks would have gvt.'s money or name to use as basis for speculation; fed. govt. and banks would be divorced
Election of 1840
The Log Cabin" Campaign; Whigs = Harrison as "common man" + used women in campaigns; Democrats = Buren; Whig victory; first mass election - around 80% white males voted
Noah Webster
encourage distinctive American culture & aid national unification; first dictionary issued 1806 - established national standard of words and usages
James Fenimore Cooper
first true American novelist - focus on Americans and America itself; fascination w/man's relationship to nature and challenges of America's westward expansion; Last of the Mohicans - independent individual
Walt Whitman
poet of American democracy, Leaves of Grass; reflected unrestrained celebration of democracy/liberation of individual
Herman Melville
anti-transcendentalist; pessimistic of mankind; Moby Dick - story of courage and strength of individual will
Nathaniel Hawthorne
disillusioned with utopias; anti-transcendentalists; The Scarlet Letter
Hudson Valley School of Art
pre-photography with no humans; focus on beauty of U.S. landscape -> pride in American nationalism in art
Oneida
community of perfectionists founded in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes; rejected traditional notions of family and marriage; no permanent ties - children raised communally
Shakers
established over 20 communities in 1840s; practiced complete celibacy; all believers had to voluntarily join the faith; more women than men
Mormons
began in burned-over district by Joseph Smith; human perfectability; particular importance on family; practice polygamy = persecution -> Utah
Transcendentalists
embrace theory of individual + relate oneself to nature -> Emerson and Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson
transcendental intellectual; wrote "Nature" and "Self-Reliance" -> individuals should work for communion w/natural world
Henry David Thoreau
transcendental intellectual; lived in Walden Ponds; individual is obligated to follow one's personal morality
Feminism-Women's Rights
women played central roles in reform and became aware of problems they faced in male-dominant society; men and women are created equal; rejection of separate spheres; denied political rights and given limited access to education
Oberlin and Mount Holyoke Colleges
first college to accept women and first women's colleges respectively; both 1837
Lucretia Mott
American Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer, and proponent of women's rights; credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy; collaborated w/Stanton; agitated for women
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
feminism; collaborated with Mott to gain women's rights; rejection separate spheres; all men and women are created equal; right to women's suffrage; organized Seneca Falls Convention and wrote "Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions;" National Woman S
Susan B. Anthony
teamed up with Stanton for women's rights in 1850s; impt. in crusade for women's rights after Civil War; led National Woman Suffrage Association that pressed for 14th and 15th amendment to recognize women's public role + did not support ratification of 15
Seneca Falls Convention
meeting in 1848 where women declared that they were equal to men and rejected separate spheres; wanted suffrage
Catherine Beecher
complained at restrictions by males; agreed with separate spheres/cult of domesticity
Horace Mann
father of public school system; educated electorate was essential for a republic and to maintain social order; universal public education; create better workers in emerging market economy
Maine Laws
sale and manufacturing of alcohol prohibiting (1851)
Dorothea Dix
began national movement for new methods to treat mentally ill -> asylums
Penitentiaries
new forms of prison discipline and institutions to rid criminals of "lawlessness"; became overcrowded
American Colonization Society
established 1817; challenged slavery w/o challenging property rights of Southerners: slaveowners would be compensated through private funds...blacks shipped to new country; too expensive/unsuccessful
Abolitionism
immediate emancipation of slaves; dominated politics starting in 1830s; include ACS, Garrison, Douglas; declined in 1840s because lack of realistic long-term plan to eliminate slavery + divided over female equality; would lead to Liberty Party
William Lloyd Garrison
founder of The Liberator; radical abolitionist - called for immediate emancipation, no financial compensation for slaveowners, all blacks must received full citizenship as Americans; founded American Antislavery Society; active in women's/tempearance move
The Liberator
abolitionist paper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831; need for complete/immediate emancipation of slaves
Frederick Douglas
most famous black abolitionist; former slave; advocated freedom from slavery and full citizenship rights for all blacks; wrote narrative in 1845; went to Seneca Falls
Wendell Phillips
abolitionist; spoke in Boston
David Walker
wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens (1829); U.S. belonged to blacks more than whites and slaves should kill their masters
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
series of safe houses which attempted to resist runaway slaves in journey to north; she was most famous "conductor
King Cotton
would drive economy until rise of railroads; gave political power to deep south (planter class); most impt. economic development in antebellum south = shift of economic power from upper to lower South
Upper South
Tidewater: Chesapeake & South Carolina coast; legendary "Old South" w/mansions; no longer grow tobacco b/c damaged soil; less slavery but first to secede
Deep South
politically dominant; where majority of slaves were; where economic power had shifted to b/c of cotton
Planter Class
whites that owned at least 20 to 50 slaves and 800 or more acres; exercised immense power and influence over political, economic, and social of region; brought political/economic power to deep south
Toussaint L'Ouverture's Rebellion in Haiti (1804)
successful slave rebellion from (1791-1804)
Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822)
rebellion in South Carolina discovered before it began; argued slavery violated Christianity and republicanism
Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
almost 60 whites killed in Virginia; over 100 blacks executed -> increased fear of slave revolt; same year as The Liberator began
Manifest Destiny
belief US was destined to expand its boundaries over a vast area; idealistic attempt to extend liberty
Great American Desert
term Stephen Long labeled Great Plains as on his published map of his expedition; area between Missouri River and Rocky Mts. that was unfit for agricultural society
Mountain Men
fur trappers that were first wedge of a white movements into lands they would ultimately dominate
Texas Revolution (1836)
American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups (fear sectional controversy)
Overland Trails
include Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, California Trail; method of westward migration
Mormon Migration to Utah
driven from New York b/c of persecution; Joseph Smith charged w/treason and killed; led by Brigham Young
Brigham Young
successor to Joseph Smith; led Mormons to Utah
Oregon Country
both U.S. and Britain claimed sovereignty; 1818 = joint occupations (both countries have equal access); Polk gives order for British evacuation of territory
John C. Fremont
mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged western movement ;fought in Mexican War; 1st republican candidate in election of 1856; wanted free soil, free speech, free men
James K. Polk's Presidency (1845-1849)
objectives that were achieved included: reduction of tariff, re-establishment of Independent Treasury, Annexation of Texas, settlement of Oregon question, and acquisition of California
Mexican War (1846-1848)
began as disagreement between border (Nueces River and Rio Grande); was opposed by Whigs; result = acquisition of new territories pushed slavery to forefront of national politics
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
amendment that states that slavery should be prohibited in any territory captured from Mexico (failed)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo (1848)
ended Mexican War; Mexico surrendered California and New Mexico territory + accepted Rio Grande as border; U.S. paid Mexico $15 million
California Gold Rush
discovery of gold in 1848; caused dramatic increase in population that was overwhelming;y male, heterogeneous, unstable; arrival of chinese; destruction of Indians
Compromise of 1850
proposed by Clay; included: California = free; slave trade banned in D.C.; new and more effective slave law passed (caused northern hostility); bill broken up by Douglas; signed by Fillmore
Cyrus McCormick Reaper & John Deere Steel Plow
helped develop the new commercial agriculture in the 1850s; these were example of technology; this helped meet international demand for grain
Antebellum Mass Immigration (1840s and 1850s)
Irish and German b/c of widespread poverty in mother countries, potato famine, collapse of 1848 liberal revolution; work in factory/farms -> move to cities
Know-Nothings" & the American Party
keep immigrants out, more restrictive naturalization laws, literacy tests -> declined in 1854 but aided in collapse of Second Party system
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
written in 1852; presented rallied hostility toward new fugitive slave laws; spread message of abolitionism; propaganda
Fugitive Slave Act
component of Compromise of 1850; opposed by north (mobs, Anthony Burns incident, attempts to stop deportation); stated any person could be deputized to capture runaway slaves
Anthony Burns Incident (1853)
occurred in Boston, mob attempted to stop return of fugitive slaves
Young America" Movement
continuation of Manifest Destiny, to dampen sectional controversy supporters hoped expansion of American democracy/commerce/acquire new territories would divert Americans' attention from slavery issue; Pierce success = Gadsden Purchase
Gadsden Purchase
in 1853, Pierce successfully acquired southern Arizona from Mexico; part of Young America movement
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
purpose to reorganize Louisiana territory; existence of slavery determined by popular sovereignty; eliminated antislavery positions of Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig party and gave rise to Republicans; led to bleeding kansas, lecompton controversy
Stephen Douglas
helped pass Compromise of 1850; opposed Lecompton Constitution -> southerners furious at him; participated in debates = freeport doctrine ruined his chances at presidency and created southern democrat outrage
Free-Soil" Ideology
slavery was dangerous b/c of threats to whites; threat to right of all citizens to own property, control own labor; slave power wanted to extend slavery throughout nation and destroy North capitalism -> influenced Republican party; candidates in 1848, 185
Republican Party
created out of opposition towards Kansas-Nebraska Act; made up of "Conscience" Whig, Democrats, Free-Soilers; opposed to expansion of slavery in territories; represented agricultural/business interests in North
Bleeding Kansas
pro and anti-slavery settlers flock to Kansas; bloody conflicts break out including Pottawatomie Massacre and Sack of Lawrence (1855)
Sack of Lawrence and Pottawatomie Massacre
conflicts in Bleeding Kansas; one begun by antislavery fanatic John Brown; Kansas became symbol of sectional conflict
Beating of Charles Sumner (1854)
hit with cane by Preston Brooks b/c harshly criticized south; did not return to senate for four years; this event would motivate John Brown
Dred Scott decision
1857; supreme court case; slave moved to free state, claimed he was free; decision: man was not US citizen b/c no blacks could be a citizens; concurred that slaves were property, property protected in 5th amendment, therefore slaves could not be prohibite
Lecompton Crisis
free-staters refuse to participate in election in Kansas; fradulent election; opposed by douglas; constitution resubmitted and rejected by Kansas voters; south angry at Douglas; 1857-1858
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
two running for senate; one wanted to restrict slavery to south but not eliminate; event included freeport doctrine which damaged his chances to win presidency in 1860
John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry
attempt at a slave revolt in 1859; importance - many southerners believed that this action proved South was in danger if remained in Union; financed by abolitionists
Election of 1860
Lincoln (Republican); split in democrat = Breckinridge and Douglas; Lincoln won and many southerners vowed secession from Union w/Republican victory
Secession Crisis
south carolina left in 1860 and 6 other states followed -> formed Confederate States of America; Crittenden Compromise tried to solve this conflict and reestablish Missouri Compromise but rejected by both Republicans and Southerners
Confederate States of America
created in 1860 when South Carolina seceded from Union; led by Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis
president of the Confederate States of America; proslavery in 1850s due to economic interest
Abraham Lincoln's Presidency (1861-1865)
marked by Emancipation Proclamation, Civil War, 13th Amendment, assassination
Civil War (1861-1865)
began in 1861 with bombardment of Fort Sumter; anaconda plan, gettysburg, Lee surrender at Appotomax; 600k casualties; legacy expanded federal power and destroyed agrarian south
Union Military Draft
passed March 1863; virtually all males eligible to be in army; could escape service by paying gvt. or finding replacement; increased voluntary enlistments
New York City draft riot
result of congress passing national draft law; occurred 1863 - over 100 killed
Lincoln's restriction of civil liberties
ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters; suspension of habeas corpus (right of person to be informed of legal charges before arrested + most be sufficient evidence) before congress did -> ignored Constitution
Copperheads"/Peace Democrats
opposed war in north; especially national draft law; labeled by Republicans; opposed emancipation
Republican (Civil War) economic legislation
included Morrill Tariff, National Banking Act, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Acts; bound northern industrialists and western farmers to Republican party and contributed to rapid postwar expansion of US industrialization
Union financing of war
used taxation (levied taxes on all goods and services), paper currency (greenbacks printed backed by gvt.), borrowing american people, and banks
Confederate Constitution
similar to U.S. Constitution, except in recognized sovereignty of states; specifically sanctioned slavery; president - 6 year term; banned international slave trade and protective tariff
Confederate military draft
began in 1862; first in US history; subjected all white males to service for three years unless substitute was provided or owned slaves; intense opposition; repealed 1863; reintroduced in 1864 and the allowed slaves to join
Confederate financing of the war
used specie money backed by gold and silver; paper money was overprinted and resulted in mass inflation; small/unstable banking system; hard to request funds from states
Trent Affair
diplomatic tension w/Britain from 1861-1862; Union vessel arrested two southern diplomats on british ship; Britain demanded release; Lincoln dragged on then released
Battle of Gettysburg and Siege of Vicksburg
turning points of Civil War in 1863; one was bloodiest battle where Lee's army never recovered from casualties; other placed Mississippi River under control of Union and split Confederacy in half
Election of 1864
Lincoln now wants to end slavery (abolitionist) vs. McClellan; Union victories in Atlanta led to Republican win; consequences = Confederacy would lose, slavery dead
William T. Sherman & the March to the Sea
occurred in 1864; destroyed everything from Atlanta to Savannah (total war); "forty acres and a mule
Total War
destroying everything of military purpose; military/political; ideological (national vs. state sovereignty); economic (industrial north vs. agrarian South); social (more diverse vs. less diverse/educated)
Confiscation Acts
legal attacks on slavery before Emancipation Proclamation; all slaves used for insurrectionary purposes are free; slavery abolished (with compensation) in D.C. and west; authorized president to employ blacks as soldiers
Emancipation Proclamation
enacted January 1, 1863; slaves "forever free" in areas still in rebellion against US; exempted areas under Union control/border states; blacks can enlist in army; abolition and preserving Union now goals of war
13th Amendment (1865)
abolished slavery throughout the entire U.S. with no compensation for slaveowners
Civil War's effects on women
new employment opportunities created by war: clerks in gvt. offices, factories, nursing, teaching; beginning of national women's suffrage moment
Clara Barton
collected/distributed war supplies during civil war; important figure in nursing; founder of American Red Cross
Reconstruction (1863-1877)
issues included the status of former Confederate states in reunited Union and political, social, and economic postition/power of newly freed slaves/freedmen; ended with Compromise of 1877
Freedman's Bureau
federal gvt. aid that provided food, clothing, and medical care to war refugees (white and blacks; education; settlement of freed slaves on land (began in 1865)
Presidential Reconstruction plans (Lincoln & Johnson)
one man stated southern state gvt. could exist when 10% of southern voters pledged loyalty to U.S. and abolished slavery (keep readmission of Confederate states from aiding Democrats); the other was lenient to south and called for rapid readmission of Con
Black Codes
created by southerners that denied all blacks civil rights; purpose: reestablish control over black workers and guarantee white supremacy; during Johnson presidency; blacks kept some rights not enjoyed by slaves, but primary purpose was to keep blacks as
Election of 1866
non-presidential national election; despite vigorous and racist campaigning by Johnson, Republicans won overwhelmingly -> congressional reconstruction veto-proof
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction Plans
radical; military districts in south; respond with Wade-Davis Bill - authorized President to appoint provisional governor for each conquered state; new state constitutions that renounce secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate lea
14th Amendment
adopted 1868; defined citizenship as born in the USA or naturalized and prohibited state gvt. from infringing on equal rights of citizens (due process, equal protection, privileges/immunities clause); gave black Americans citizenship and legal equality; C
15th Amendment
states that states cannot deny suffrage due to race, color, or previous enslavement; caused break between abolitionists and women's movement; ratified 1870
Lucy Stone vs. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
15th amendment caused split in women's movement b/c did not give women's suffrage; opposed by ______ and ______ while another woman _____________ urged the amendment's ratification
Congressional-Radical-Military Reconstruction
radical; ten southern states were divided into 5 military districts in 1867; register voters; congress sovereign in all governing decisions in south; ratification of southern state constitutions only need majority of actual voters rather than those regist
Andrew Johnson Impeachment
attempted against President in 1868; power struggle between him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval + he interfered w/congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency
Reconstruction Southern State Governments
reality after Civil War; black held gvt. positions but never achieved dominance; corruption existed but no more than during Gilded Age; increased taxes and public debt - to pay for public schools; new constitutions of southern states - established free pu
Scalawags
southerners who joined Republican party after Civil War; lots were yeoman farmers; attracted by Republican promises to rebuild South, restore prosperity, create public schools, and open isolated areas to the market with railroads
Carpetbaggers
northerners who settled in south after civil war; to plunder defeated south (gain political office)
Forty acres and a mule
termed by General Sherman; freemen reserved 40 acre land plots in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in 1865; by end of 1865 most of land returned b/c land distribution was too radical for most Radical Republicans
Dunning School of Historical Interpretation
historian William Dunning wrote Reconstruction was oppressive in South
Ku Klux Klan
organized in 1866 by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret society formed to control ex-slaves and not allow blacks to change basic political, social, and economic structure of south; used violence; weakened by force acts
Force Acts (during Reconstruction)
passed 1870-71; federal govt. expanded and unprecedented power to enforce Congressional laws; forced state gvt. to address the violence of the KKK -> weakened Klan
Mississippi Plan
advocated white Democratic Southerners must gain political power by any meant to end Reconstruction; decision to use as much violence as necessary to carry the state election; violence kept 60k black and white Republicans from voting in 1875
White Supremacy Terrorism (during Reconstruction)
Jim Crow was perfect example of this; reduced tensions between poor whites and bourbons - race unity; KKK prevented black citizens and white republicans from voting; Mississippi Plan
Compromise of 1877
Hayes (republican) became president and in return remaining federal troops would be withdrawn from south (important sign that national gvt. had given up attempt to control Southern politics and improve conditions of southern blacks) -> South "redeemed
Reedemers
those who restored political power to white democrats in post-reconstruction south; corrupt, adopted policies of lower taxation, reduced gvt, spending and state spending; were political leaders of pre-Civil War period; southern white democrats
Tenant Farming
greatly increased in post-reconstruction south; yeoman farmer decrease; farmer who rented parcel of land, had his own tools and work animals, and owned the crop itself; would turn over pat of crop to landowner -> could eventually purchase land and rise to
Sharecropping & crop-lien system
part of agrarian agriculture in post-reconstruction south; one system was where country merchants furnished supplies in return for share of farmers' crops (cycle of debt); the other was when farmer tilled land in return for supplies and share of crop; dev
Duke Tobacco
began in 1865, by 1890 it had bought out its competitors and created American Tobacco Company ; one market that south controlled
Southern voting discrimination laws
attempts at disenfranchisement of blacks; included poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy tests; 1890s discrimination in voting
Jim Crow Laws
state laws which established segregation in all public facilities and social interaction; stripped blacks of most social/economic/political rights gained in post-Civil War era; ultimate example of white supremacy in south
Slaughterhouse cases, U.S. v. Cruikshank & Civil Rights Cases
supreme court case that stated that the 14th amendment did not create new set of national citizenship rights; theses cases weakened 14th amendment in 1870s-90s -> voting discrimination and Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson
supreme court case that ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of rights if accommodations were equal; affected public schools; 1896
Ida B. Wells
she launched movement to ban lynching which led to a failed federal anti-lynching law
Exodusters
blacks that left South for Kansas in the late 1870s
Lost Cause" of the Confederacy
this southern post-reconstruction interpretation of the Civil War eliminated African-American freedom as a central feature of the Civil War and allowed post-Civil War unity between white North and white South to the exclusion of black rights
Booker T. Washington
chief spokesman for supporting expansion of black education; said blacks should attend school, learn skills, and pursue industrial (not classical) education; blacks should win respect of whites; gave "Atlanta Compromise" speech
Atlanta Compromise
speech that said blacks should focus on economic gains and not political and social rights; implicit within the speech that blacks would no challenge segregation; given in 1895 by Booker T. Washington
W. E. B. DuBois
he stated that blacks should accept nothing less than full university education and should aspire to be professionals; demand immediate restoration of civil rights; stressed "talented tenth" of blacks; protested inequality; attacked Booker T. Washington a
Niagara Movement
group that wanted to end segregation and discrimination in unions, courts, and public accommodations; demanded equality of economic and educational opportunity; founded by Du Bois in 1905
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
formed after race riots, Du Bois/Niagara Movement and white progressives combined; 1909; led drive for equal rights for blacks
1789-1797
years George Washington served as President
1801-1809
years Thomas Jefferson served as President
1809-1817
years James Madison served as President
1829-1837
years Andrew Jackson served as President
1845-1849
years James Polk served as President
1861-1865
years Abraham Lincoln served as President