Admiralty Courts
�Who: British Parliament, American Colonies
�What: British courts of law which prosecuted smuggling & any other violations of the duties on tea, lead, paint, paper, and glass (Townsend Acts)-- these courts could try a case anywhere in the British Empire,
Albany Congress
�Who: Benjamin Franklin, representatives from seven of the thirteen British Colonies
�What: Inter-colonial congress meeting
�Where: Albany, New York
�When: June 19-July 11, 1754
�Why: Security and defense against the French & to help cement the loyalty of
Bacon's Rebellion
�Who: Nathaniel Bacon & his followers (former indentured servants), Indians, Susquehannoks, William Berkley, Jamestown government
�What: Violent conflict in Virginia beginning with settler attacks on Indians and culminating in a rebellion led by Bacon aga
Benedict Arnold
�Who: Benedict Arnold
�What: An American patriot who worked with Ethan Allen to capture Fort Ticonderoga, was named a colonel, obtained the surrender of British General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, lost his leg at the Battle of Freeman's Farm,
Boston Massacre
�Who: American civilians, British troops
�What: British troops fired on American civilians - 5 dead, 6 wounded (2 of those 6 die later)
�Where: Boston, Crowd gathered at Customs House
�When: March 5, 1770
�Why: There had been months of increasing friction
Boston Tea Party
�Who: American colonists
�What: Dressed up as Native Americans so that they could not be identified, the colonists stormed the three ships that were allowed into Boston Harbor to sell tea, and tossed 342 chests of tea into the water.
�Where: Boston (aboar
Charles Cornwallis
�Who: Charles Cornwallis
�What: A British general (who defeated Horatio Gates at Cadamen, South Carolina in 1780) fought against General George Washington and and General Rochambeau during the Siege of Yorktown.
�Where: Yorktown, Chesapeake Bay
�When: Sep
Charles Townshend
�Who: Charles Townsend
�What: He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a member of the House of Commons in Parliament. He persuaded the House of Commons to impose duties on the Americans for colonial tea, lead, paint, paper, and glass. (AKA The Townsend
Committees of Correspondence
�Who: American colonists, rural patriots, Samuel Adams, Virginia House of Burgesses
�What: Samuel Adams established the first Comittee of Correspondence. These committees used the British postal service to create a means of communication so that patriots'
Common Sense
�Who: Thomas Paine
�What: A best-selling book that sold 120,000 copies by April 1776 and argued in plain, common English and with Biblical references that 1) the American colonies should become independent from Britain & 2) the American colonies should fo
Comte de Rochambeau
�Who: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau
�What: Fought in the Seven Years War & later was promoted to lieutenant general & took command of the large French force (6,000 French soldiers) sent to aid the Continental Army, where he helped
Crispus Attucks
�Who: Crispus Attucks
�What: A runaway slave who had an African father and an Indian mother & was the first person to die during the Boston Massacre. He was also credited with being the leader and the instigator of the events that led up to the massacre.
Declaration of Independence
�Who: Richard Henry Lee of Virginia (moved to make the united colonies united states, completely free from their political connections to Britain), John Adams, Thomas Jefferson (wrote it), Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert Livingston
Declaratory Act
�Who: Parliament, colonists
�What: A law passed to accompany the repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
�Where: American colonies
�When: 1776
�Why: To show that Britian
First Continental Congress
�Who: Delegates from most of the colonies (like Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Dickinson, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, & Patrick Henry)
�What: A meeting of delegates that endorsed the Suffolk Resolves(boycott on British goods & trade, urged Massa
George Grenville
�Who: George Grenville
�What: British Prime Minister who passed the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, & the Currency Act (Parliament assumed control of the colonial currency system because colonists were printing their own money with different exchange rates)
�Where:
George Rogers Clark
�Who: George Rogers Clark, Native Americans, British, colonists, Henry Hamilton
�What: A lieutenant colonel and a leader of defense in Kentucky, who, without the assistance of the Continental Army, led about 175 men across the Ohio River at Fort Massac, t
George Washington
�Who: George Washington
�What: Commanderduring the French and Indian war, General & Commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War & participant in the First and Second Continental Congresses. Washington built a large army, which he kept t
Great Awakening
�Who: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, New Light ministers, Old Light ministers
�What: A religious revival where ministers spoke with passion, sorrow, fury, & conviction
�Where: Throughout the American Colonies (mostly New England)
�When: 1730s
�Why:
Hessians
�Who: Hessians, American troops, British
�What: Hired mercenaries from the state of Hesse (mostly), rented from the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. They engaged in the Battle of Long Island, and groups of them fought in almost every battle after that. (
Horatio Gates
�Who: Horatio Gates, John Burgoyne
�What: American general who led and won the Battle of Ticonderoga & the Battle of Saratoga. After John Burgoyne took Fort Ticonderoga, he was defeated several times by Gates' army & retreated to Saratoga. Once there, his
Intolerable Acts
�Who: British Parliament, colonists
�What: The collective name in the colonies for the Boston Port Act (which shut down the landing, discharging, lading, or shipping of goods/wares/etc in Boston at the town & within the harbor), the Massachusetts Governme
James Otis
�Who: James Otis
�What: He was a lawyer & one of the first people to openly voice his dislike of British taxation policies. He wrote a widely distrubuted pamphlet called, The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Proved, which was one of the first
John Adams
�Who: John Adams
�What: He was the defense attorney for the British soldiers in the trial after the Boston Massacre, yet he was a patriot. Adams provided the wording of the resistance message sent to George III & adopted by the First Continental Congress.
John Burgoyne
�Who: John Burgoyne, Horatio Gates
�What: A British general who earned the nickname "Gentleman Johnny" for his love of leisure and his tendency to throw parties between battles. He presented a strategy to London to invade America from Canada by advancing
John Hancock
�Who: John Hancock
�What: First started his dislike of the British as a major smuggler. General Gage ordered to arrest Hancock for treason, along with Samuel Adams, after the battles at Lexington and Concord. Hancock also is on the Declaration of Independ
John Jay
�Who:
�What: the First Chief Justice of the United States, an American statesman, jurist, and an American peace negotiator. He secretly made trips to London. London eager to entice an enemy from the enemy alliance they quickly came to terms with the Ameri
John Paul Jones
Who: A young Scotsman who was the most famous officer in America's infant navy as a Revolutionary War naval officer.
�What: His ship, the Bon Homme Richard, was sunk in a battle with the British ship Serapis. Yet in the end, the Serapis surrendered and Jo
Lord North
�Who: Lord North, originally Frederick North.
�What: Held many elite British offices before becoming Prime Minister of England in 1770 and maintaining that post throughout the Revolution until the British defeat at Yorktown in 1781, after which he resigne
Loyalists
�Who: American colonists
�What: Remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence and wished to remain a part of England. Made up about one-third of the colonists. To the Patriots they were known as the "Tories".
�Where: Heavily concentrated
Marquis de Lafayette
�Who: French general and political leader who enthusiastically supported the American Revolution.
�What: The Continental Congress appointed him as major general before France had officially entered into an alliance with the United States. Lafayette was wo
Mercantilism
�Who: British government.
�What: Mercantilism stipulates that in order to build economic strength, a nation must export more than it imports. The English passed regulatory laws that created a trade system whereby Americans provided raw goods to Britain, a
Molasses Act
�Who: British Parliament
�What: British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies.
�Where: American countries
�When: 1733
�Why: Among the least effective of the
Nathaniel Greene
�Who: Nathaniel Greene, a Quaker-reared tactician (a person who is skilled at planning tactics) Continental Army Major General.
�What: In the Carolina campaign, Greene distinguished himself by his strategy of delay; standing and then retreating, exhaustin
Navigation Acts
�Who: English Parliament
�What: Passed four Navigation Acts that declared the following:
-Only English or English colonial ships could carry cargo between imperial ports.
-Certain goods, including tobacco, rice, and furs, could not be shipped to foreign n
No Taxation without Representation
�Who: American colonies
�What: The slogan that summaries the prime grievance of the Thirteen Colonies. Actually part of a sermon given by Jonathan Mayhew in 1750.
�Where: The Thirteen Original, Col-o-nies
�When: 1750s-1760s
�Why: The lack of representatio
Patrick Henry
�Who: An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence.
�What: In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in
Proclamation of 1763
�Who: Signed by King George III
�What: Declared that all land transactions made to the west of the Appalachian crest would be governed by the British government rather than by the colonies.
�Where: England/American colonies
�When: 1763
�Why: After the Fre
Quartering Act
�Who: British Parliament
�What: Acts of Parliament requiring colonial legislatures to provide supplies and quarters for the troops stationed in America.
�Where: England/American colonies
�When: March 24, 1765
�Why: To address the practical concerns of suc
Quebec Act
�Who: Parliament
�What: Law passed that provided an appointed government for Canada, enlarged the boundaries of Quebec, and confirmed privileges of the Catholic Church.
�Where: England/American colonies
�When: October 7, 1774
�Why: Passed in an effort to
Richard Henry Lee
�Who: American statesman from Virginia and member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.
�What: On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced his resolution, the Lee Resolu
Second Continental Congress
�Who: 56 delegates from the 13 colonies.
�What: Convened to formally manage affairs on the home front shortly after the fighting of the American Revolution commenced-no easy task.
�Where: Met in Philadelphia
�When: First came together on May 10, 1775
�Why
Sons of Liberty
�Who: Initially started by shopkeepers and artisans as "The Loyal Nine", but workers, tradesmen, and other enraged colonists soon joined in this rapidly-growing group.
�What: Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act. Such opposi
Stamp Act Congress
�Who: 27 delegates from 9 colonies
�What: Drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies and why Parliament had no right to tax them. This Congress was suggested by James Otis as an intercolonial conference to a
Stamp Act
�Who: Parliament
�What: New law that required taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications, and playing cards.
�Where: England/American colonies
�When: Passed in 1765
�Why: To raise revenue in America.
�Significance: Because of its potential wid
Sugar Act
�Who: British Parliament
�What: This act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for
Thomas Jefferson
�Who:
�What: wrote Declaration of Independence (1776), wartime Governor of Virginia (1779-1781), first United States Secretary of State (1790-1793) serving under President George Washington
�Where: from Virginia
�When:
�Why:
�Significance:
He is a classic
Thomas Paine
�Who:
�What: A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public
Tories
�Who: British people
�What: Conservative party that traditionally supported the authority of the king over Parliament. The Tory ethics can be summed up with the phrase 'God, King and Country'.
�Where: In England
�When: 17th-18th centuries
�Why: Emerged wi
Townsend Acts
Acts of Parliament, passed in 1767 under head of the cabinet Charles Townsend, Chancellor of the Exchequer (who had been appointed that same year), imposing duties on colonial tea, lead, paint, paper, and glass. These acts were an attempt to redress colon
Treaty of Paris (1783)
signed on September 3, 1783
ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States of America
American representatives Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens, and John Adams
greatly enlarged boundaries in US
America would be
Virtual Representation
The concept embraced in British Parliament stating that Parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those os the particular district that elected them.
�Significance:
Whigs
�Who: Whigs, colonists, colonial editors, British, John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, John Locke, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, pamphleteers, political theorists, essayists
�What: They were advocates for colonial resistance to British measures. They often h
William Howe
Major General William Howe, leading the British forces, could have easily surrounded the Americans with his ships at sea, but instead chose to march his troops uphill. Howe might have believed that the Americans would retreat in the face of a smashing, he