US & USSR
Who were the two powers of the cold war
USSR
Took credit for controlling Hitler.
Wanted world order on their own ideas & values. Thought their way was the right way.
US
Greatest power at end of WWII. Lone possessor of Atomic bomb
. Believed they could lead rest of world in expanding democracy and increasing living standards. (Full circle of progressivism here)
World War II
The
start of the Early Cold War
is
marked by
the end of
Iran
First confrontation of the Cold War was in _____.
Soviets put troops here because they wanted oil.
US/France/England removed the troops.
Kennan Telegram
AKA the Long Telegram.
Said Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal govt
. Fear of communism from this leads to policy of containment.
Containment
US commitment to preventing expansion of Soviet power
, as they couldn't be dislodged from where they already were.
Truman Doctrine
Program
designed to aid European countries
who feared communism, particularly Turkey & Greece.
Greece and Turkey
Two countries
'inherited' by US (from Britain).
They occupied strategically important sites between Black Sea and Mediterranean. Given military support.
Atomic Energy Commission, National Security Council, & CIA
New security bodies immune from democratic over site
that gathered intelligence and conducted secret military operations abroad.
Marshall
Plan
Contribute billions of $$ to finance economic recovery in Europe
. Designed to combat communism and rebuild capitalism. One of
most successful foreign aid programs
in history. "New Deal" for Europe.
US, France, Britain, USSR
Four victorious powers and end of WWII that
carved up Germany into 4 areas.
(3 sections in west, 1 in east)
Berlin Blockade
Term for
the cut off of road & rail traffic created by Soviets in occupied Germany.
Relieved by airlifting supplies (11 months). Soviets caved- Big Truman Win.
Produced west and east Germany.
NATO
Established after Soviets tested first atomic bomb.
Comprised of US, Canada, and 10 wester European nations.
Pledged mutual defense
against Soviet attacks.
Atomic Bomb
When USSR tested this, the US monopoly on it was over.
Warsaw Pact
Eastern European alliance of 8 communist states, including Soviets.
Alliance against democracy, supporting communism.
Chinese Civil War
This loss was a serious setback for the policy of containment. The war was backed by Soviets. As a result US insists Chinese left out of UN.
War between
communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek
. The
communists took over
and forced the natio
NSC-68
Military build up to
pursue global crusade
against communism. Result of Soviet confrontations in Europe, Soviet atomic bomb, & communist victory in China. Very
important policy that spurred military spending.
Korean War
This war made it clear the Cold War, which began in Europe, had become a global conflict. Ended still divided communist/anti-communist. No formal treaty signed.
(1950-3)
A conflict between UN forces
(primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and late
Ideological Crusade
Critics of Cold War called it an _____ ______. "Us against Them". If you joins US you are considered a member of the free world.
Totalitarianism
Mobilizing concept of Cold War along with Freedom. Not a US policy. Seeks to
keep civil society under control. No individual rights.
Said could never change from w/in (but not true). Fascist Italy & Nazi Germany-two examples.
Human Rights
Concept that
all people have certain rights.
As a result, many German officials put on trial for crimes against humanity.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Global protections incl free speech, religious tolerance, protection from arbitrary govt. Also social and economic benefits. US & USSR picked & chose rights to observe.
A document of collective human rights.
Truman's first domestic task
To
preside over the transition
from a
wartime
to a a
peacetime economy.
Fair Deal
Used to revive the momentum of the New Deal, this
program was focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living
for ordinary Americans.
Operation Dixie
AFL & CIO
launched this program to bring unionization to the South. The
efforts failed
due to the
resistance of the white workers who didn't want things to be inclusive.
This was
aimed at unionizing textile workers & steelworkers,
but failed due to fears
Republicans
This group
experienced a resurgence
when large numbers of middle class voters were alarmed by the labor turmoil.
Took control of both houses of Congress.
Taft-Harley Act
This was passed over presidential veto. This
reversed some of the gains made by organized labor.
Right to work laws passed.
Commission on Civil Rights
This group was
created as a result of the master race acts of Hitler.
Federal govt. was called upon to abolish segregation.
Freedom vs. Slavery
The Cold War language of ______ vs. _______ made it impossible for the Truman Admin. not to address the problems of inequality at home.
Legal
When the military 1st integrated military units, _____ racism went away.
Dixiecrats
Hard core
southern democrats
who walked out of Dem. Natl. Convention in protest of civil rights support by their party.
National Security
This became the reason for a host of govt projects including
higher education and new highway system.
US was a permanent military industrial establishment.
Loyalty Review System
This program
tested the patriotism of govt employees,
grossly violated civil liberties, and was a predecessor to McCarthyism.
House Un-American Activities Committee
Held
hearings about communist interference in Hollywood.
Gave rise to the "Hollywood 10
McCarthyism
Embodies hysteria & paranoia of anti-communist regime. Is synonymous with character assassination.
Guilt by association.
Joseph R. McCarthy
Claimed to have
a list of over 200 communists
in government. Became an embarrassment to US.
Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communist
Anti-communism
Used by
FBI to expand their powers
, by white supremacists against black civil rights.
Targeted dissenters, feminists, gays.
Operation Wetback
Military invaded Mex-Amer neighborhoods and
deported 1 million illegal aliens.
AFLCIO (Organized labor)
This labor group
supported the anti-communist crusade
as it was so exclusive (all white skilled workers). Purged most militant union leaders (often the ones who believed in women's & minority's rights).
national security council
An office created in 1947 to
coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers.
Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assist
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to
promote trade
by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas
Army-McCarthy hearings
The Trials in which
Senator McCarthy accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists
. These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthy's irresponsibility and meanness.
McCarran-Walter Act
1952 bill that
limited immigration
from
everywhere except Northern and Western Europe
and stated that immigration officials could turn any immigrant away that they thought might threaten the national security of the United States.
Allies which are U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Poland
Who won WWII?
The Fair Deal
Truman's Fair Deal sought to continue and extend FDR's New Deal. Truman managed to
win a minimum wage increase, a public housing bill, and an extension of Social Security to more beneficiaries.
He was
unsuccessful in his call for national health insurance
Factors behind the rise of the Cold War
-
Soviet resentment over American intervention
in parts of Europe
-
American resentment over Soviet intervention
in parts of Europe
-
anxiety
in both the United States and the Soviet Union
over the other's nuclear capacity
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
A. George Kennan's Long Telegram; unveiling of Truman Doctrine; start of Korean War; founding of Warsaw Pact
B. Joseph McCarthy's Wheeling speech; Taft-Hartley Act; reelection of Truman
A. George Kennan's Long Telegram; unveiling of Truman Doctrine; start of Korean War; founding of Warsaw Pact
George Kennan
The originator of the containment policy.
the Berlin Blockade
In June 1948, when the United States, Britain, and France introduced a separate currency in their zones of control in the city of Berlin, the Soviet Union responded with
quash political dissidence.
limit organized labor.
impose social and sexual morality.
Anticommunism was used by the U.S. leaders to
Outspoken critics of the domestic anticommunist crusade
Paul Robeson and W. E. B. Du Bois