Walter Raleigh
Founder of England's first American colony. (Roanoke, it failed)
Elizabeth I
English Queen during golden age. Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Pocahontas
a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown. Marriage to John Rolfe = first interracial union in america= Peace settlement ending the Anglo-Powhatan War
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
1588 by Elizabeth 1 of England, English naval supremacy.
john smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Jamestown
Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London.elected Captain John Smith as their leader.
Thomas Dale
Made governor of Jamestown after John Smith, stern, didn't believe in laziness, created daily schedule
John Calvin
INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION: emphasized predestination and he rejected the medieval Church. he believed that the church and state should be united under the Calvinist faith
John Winthrop
Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill" (covenant theology)
Peter Stuyvesant
The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (netherland?), hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.
Anne Hutchinson
A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the here
King Phillips War
Started over land ownership disagreements. The War Between the Puritans and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians. armed indians in raiding NE towns, eng & allies won, survivors fled N, increase indian hate
Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
Dominion of New england
1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros) Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new
New England Confederation
New England colonists (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth) formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.
Patroonships
Vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.
William Penn
Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)
Jeremiads
Puritan preachers Taking their cue from the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety.Scared people off, decline of puritanism
Glorious Revolution 1688
Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary as the new leaders.
Great Puritan Migration
Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Eg 1630 group of puritans led by john winthrop found MA Bay Colony
Fundamental Orders
In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states'
Treaty of Utrecht
1713, ended Queen Ann's War, transferred large areas of French territory in North America to English including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
Bacon's Rebellion
Indentured servants in Virginia revolt against gov and landowners (origionally over lack of protection from indians on frontier). burn Jamestown. look to african slaves as less troublesome source of labor
Middle passage
the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas
Salem witch trials
Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Terrible mistake, shows social tensions, decline of puritanism.
half way covenant
response to decline of puritanism. The puritan practice where by parents who had been baptized but had not yet experienced conversion could bring their children before the church and have them baptized.weakend distinction between "elect" and others- drama
headright system
Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Leisler's rebellion
uprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which militia capitani seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies
Triangular Trade
Illegal trade created to generate money to buy english goods.The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the
First Great Awakening
1st grassroots american social movement.series of revivals making church more emotional. Old lights (against) new lights (for). results: democratic, new denominations (meth and bapt), more choice, colleges, old clergy looses prestige
George Whitefield
Most influentian new light speaker during first great awakening
Jonathon edwards
New light preatcher who started the first Great awakening
John Peter Zenger
Zenger case", Newspaperman thrown in jail for accusing his colony's governor of wrongdoing, Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of spe
Paxton Revolt
They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the
Regulator Protests
???
Phyllis Wheatley
1st important African american writer. Abolitionists later point to her as proof that they are intellectually equal
William Pitt
The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ended the French and Indian (7yrs) war. Britian dominated, French kicked out of N america
Pontiac's Rebellion
After French and Indian War, Indian chief gathered tribes in Ohio river valley to attack british forts. Squashed. Led to brit issuing proclamation of 1763
Proclamation of 1763
After 7yrs war and Pontiac's rebellion.A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Samuel de Champlain
Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France, founder of Quebec. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France.
Albany Congress
1754 congress between Iriquois and 7 colonies. Ensure continued Iriquoi loyalty to colonies (immediate) colonial unity (long termish)
Battle of Quebec
???
Mercantilism
economic theory, colonies exist for benefit of mother country, collect gold and silver, buy more goods that you sell
George Grenville
Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. also tried to tax them
Sugar Act
1764. England needed more money because it went into debt from the Fr&Ind. war. taxed colonists. Justification was that it was them paying for protection. replaced the molasses act which placed 3 pence tax on each gallon of molasses
Quartering Act 1765
Revenge on Mass. for Boston Tea Party. Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Stamp Act
an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
Declaratory Act
Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
Committees of Correspondence
Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
Intolerable Acts
in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
Quebec Act
1774 Same time as intolerable acts., designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec'
Samuel Adams
Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
The Association
A document produced by the 1st Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonie
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, star
virtual representation
british response to America's claim of "taxation without representation" said that each member of parliament represented all the british people
Olive Branch Petition
2nd contenential congress. Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George 3 didn't want anything to do
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
John Hancock
Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.
Bunker Hill
strategic place overlooking Boston; on June 13, 1775 the Britians attacked, eventually winning with more supplies; Americans hold their ground and kill lots of british. After this Geroge III declares colonies in rebellion.
Benedict Arnold
Successful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.
Thomas Paine
Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. "no smaller heavenly body controls a larger one" "our duty to set up republican democracy" etc. Later wrote "the crisis
George III
King of England during the American Revolution. Good man but bad king. wanted arbitrary power over colonies
Battle of Seratoga
British surrendered to Americans. Led to the Franco-American alliance
Chief Joseph Brant
Pro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led Inidian resistance against white settlement. Organized the northwestern Indians in an alliance.
Battle of Trenton
On Christmas, Washingtons soilders cross the Deleware at night and surprise Hessians. Americans win
Ben Franklin
A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.sent to france to get alliance (LOVED by people there), negotiated treaty of paris, part of constitutional convention etc.
Battle of Yorktown
Sept 1781. British (general Cornwallis) surrendered, ending the war
Treaty of Paris 1783
1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to Englan
Land Ordinance of 1785
A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of public land in the West that was ceded by the states
Northwest Ordinance 1787
A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the min
Shays' Rebellion
this farmer uprising (mini war) in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
New Jersey Plan
At constitutional convention. Small state plan. Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their po
Virginia Plan
large state plan" at constitutional convention. Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population
Connecticut Plan
The Great Compromise; (proposed by Sherman of ct.) bicameral congress with equal representation in one house and proportional representation in the other house
Federalists
supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. Mostly wealthy eg. Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay, Marshall
Anti-Federalists
opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states. usually poorer classes. Patric Henry, Adams, Lee, Mason, Clinton
The Federalist Papers
This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. (fed paper 10 on how the larger a republic the less li
Society of the Cincinnati
An exclusive order of military officers from revolution. like mini-aristocracy. Opposed by democrats strongly esp Jefferson (threatening new republic)
Charles Beard's: An economic interpretation of the constitution
Historians Mary and Charles Beard said the framers of the Constitution were chiefly motivated by their own economic interests in preserving their wealth and property.