The Federal Reserve System
� The Federal Reserve System, often referred to as the Federal Reserve or simply "the Fed," is the central bank of the United States
� It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial
The Sixteenth Amendment
� The type of federal tax was authorized by the 16th amendment in 1913 was the income tax
� The 16th amendment is an important amendment that allows the federal government to levy an income tax from all Americans
� Income tax allows for the federal govern
Significant Events during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
� The Panamanian revolt, the Russo-Japanese war, and the creation of the national parks system occurred during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
� Teddy Roosevelt was responsible for the creation of the national parks system; he was a conservationist a
Impact of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
� Upton Sinclair was a muckraker; he wrote a novel to expose the disgusting practices in the meatpacking industry - he wrote to reveal injustices
� In his novel, The Jungle, Sinclair revealed the unsanitary practices in the meatpacking industry - like rat
Jane Addams and Jacob Riis
� Jane Addams helped build Hull House, a community center for "New Immigrants" to learn English, develop skills, and even provide childcare services
� Jacob Riis was a muckraker - he published a book - How the Other Half Lives - to show the miserable cond
Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Food and Drug Administration
� Business activity must sometimes be regulated in the public interest
� This idea led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Food and Drug Administration
� Yes, sometimes business activity leads to th
A Graduated National Income Tax
� Supporters of a graduated national income tax argued that it was the fairest type of tax because the rate of taxation increased as incomes rose
� Rich people pay a greater percentage of their income to the government than poor people
� A progressive tax
A Goal of the Progressive Movement
� The progressives worked to make American society a better and safer place in which to live
� They tried to make big business more responsible through regulations
� They worked to clean up corrupt city governments, to improve working conditions in factor
The Nineteenth Amendment
� Women received the most support for equal suffrage before passage of the 19th amendment [Women's Suffrage Amendment] in the West - the Western states
� Women of the American West led the nation and the world into the struggle for female voting rights, k
Imperialism
� In 1898, Senator Albert J. Beveridge said, "But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. Today our industrial society is congested; there are more workers than there is work; there is more capital than the
Causes of Imperialism
� The argument used to support United States acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800's was that the United States needed to obtain raw materials and new markets
� Imperialism is good for the mother country but harmful to the colony
� The impe
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
� The Monroe Doctrine stated that the Americas were closed to future conquest and colonization and that Europe had to stay out of the Americas
� The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine - yes, Europe had to stay out of the Americas b
The Open Door Policy
� The United States formulated the Open Door policy toward China to prevent a European and Japanese monopoly of Chinese trade and markets
� An Open Door Policy is exactly what it suggests - an open door for trade with China - an open door for all nations
New Orleans and the Mississippi River
� New Orleans and the Mississippi River - the city of New Orleans is paired with its geographical feature, the Mississippi River, a geographic feature that directly contributed to its growth
� Situated on a bend of the Mississippi River 100 miles from its
Reasons for U.S. Involvement in World War I
� From 1914 to 1916, as World War I raged in Europe, Americans were not able to remain neutral in thought as well as action mainly because the warring powers interfered with the United States right to freedom of the seas
� The Germans engaged in unrestric
The Importance of the Mississippi River
� Since the late 1700s, the Mississippi River has been a vital waterway because it provided farmers and merchants an outlet to the Gulf of Mexico
� The Mississippi River is one of the world's major river systems
� It is the third longest river in North Am
The Geography of the South
� Because of fertile land and a long growing season, plantations in the thirteen colonies developed in the South
� The North did not have a long growing season and was not as fertile as the South
� So, plantations did not develop in the North
� But in the
The Reason for the Census
� The U.S. Census counts every resident in the United States
� It is mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and takes place every 10 years
� The data collected by the census determines the number of seats each state has in the U.S. House of
The Missouri Compromise
� "Compromise Enables Maine and Missouri To Enter Union" (1820); "California Admitted to Union as Free State" (1850); and "Kansas-Nebraska Act Sets Up Popular Sovereignty" (1854) - the issue reflected in these headlines was the extension of slavery
� The
Bleeding Kansas
� In the 1850s, the phrase "Bleeding Kansas" was used to describe clashes between proslavery and antislavery groups
� Bleeding Kansas is the term used to describe the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory
� In 1854 the Kansas-Nebr
Manifest Destiny
� Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast
� This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native Ame
The Compromise of 1850
� The rapid westward migration caused by the discovery of gold in California led directly to the adoption of the Compromise of 1850
� As more Americans moved to California, it became clear that California would become a state - and then it had to be decid
Thomas Jefferson's Dilemma about the Louisiana Purchase
� The Louisiana Purchase initially presented a dilemma for President Thomas Jefferson because he believed it would violate his strict constructionist view of the Constitution
� Jefferson wanted to buy the Louisiana territory but he was a strict constructi
The Seneca Falls Convention
� The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was mainly concerned with expanding women's rights
� The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London
� As women,
The Principle of Popular Sovereignty before the Civil War
� Popular sovereignty is the idea that government is created by and subject to the will of the people - the people give government its power as in "We the People..."
� Before the Civil War, popular sovereignty meant the right of the people living in a new
The Meaning of the phrase "by military conquest, treaty, and purchase
� The phrase "by military conquest, treaty, and purchase" best describes the methods used to expand the territory of the United States
� To achieve Manifest Destiny or a nation that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the United States government
Trusts
� A trust acts like a monopoly
� A monopoly is a single seller dominating a market - leading to higher prices for consumers
� John D. Rockefeller was a monopolist
� His practices harmed consumers
� Trusts are a threat to the nation
Social Darwinism
� Social Darwinism is the theory that there are strong individuals and there are weak individuals and that the strong should dominate the weak
� When John D. Rockefeller, Jr. said, "The growth of a large business is merely survival of the fittest. The Ame
John D. Rockefeller
� John D. Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company
� In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines
� Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth
� Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland and amassed a fortune in the steel industry
� In the early 1870s, Andrew Carnegie entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry
� In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Stee
Laissez-faire Capitalism
� It is French for "let them do as they please" - meaning let business do as it pleases
� Or in other words, government should not intervene in the market
� Laissez-faire capitalism is a free market - a market where individuals are free to produce as they
Henry Ford and the Assembly Line
� Henry Ford produced a more affordable car primarily because his company developed a less expensive method of production
� An assembly line is an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct l
Industrialization and Urbanization
� The major trend related to population that occurred during the industrialization boom of the late 1800s was that urbanization increased
� Industrialization involves factories and machines for the production of goods
� Urbanization is movement to cities
Robber Baron
� A robber baron was an American capitalist of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales)
� A robber baron was a wealthy person who tried to get land, b
Trusts and Eliminating Competition
� A trust operates like a monopoly and a monopoly is a single seller dominating a market
� During the late 1800s, business leaders formed trusts mainly to eliminate competition
� Monopolies harm consumers
� Consumers pay high prices as no competition exis
Goals of Labor Unions
� A union is an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members
� A union promotes higher wages, safer working conditions, and eight-hour workdays
� The main benefit that labor unions of the late 19th century gained for t
The slogan "Eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, eight hours for what we will
� The slogan "Eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, eight hours for what we will" was used in the late 1800s to promote a major goal of organized labor
� Workers in the past worked long hours for low wages
� Many workers worked fourteen to sixteen
The Reason for the Addition of the Bill of Rights in order to win ratification of the Constitution
� In order to win ratification of the United States Constitution, supporters agreed to add a bill of rights
� The fact that the Constitution did not include a bill of rights to specifically protect Americans' hard-won rights sparked the most heated debate
Samuel Gompers, Terence Powderly, and Eugene Debs
� During the late 19th century, Samuel Gompers, Terence Powderly, and Eugene Debs were leaders in the movement to improve working conditions
� Samuel Gompers was the first leader of the American Federation of Labor, a union for skilled workers - a craft u
The Federal Civil Service System
� Approved on January 16, 1883, the Pendleton Act established a merit-based system of selecting government officials and supervising their work
� A civil service system is a system where government officials must take and pass examinations to determine ab
Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen's Agreement, and the National Origins Act
� The Chinese Exclusion Act, signed into law on May 6, 1882, by President Chester A. Arthur, effectively halted Chinese immigration for ten years and prohibited Chinese from becoming US citizens
� The Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan was concluded in the
The U.S. Government and the Railroads
� In the period from 1865 to 1900, the United States Government aided the development of the West by granting land to railroad companies
� The Pacific Railway Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862 and provided Federal govern
The First Amendment
� The first amendment of the Constitution deals primarily with rights of self-expression
� "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;
The House of Representatives and the Power of Impeachment
� In the United States Constitution, the power to impeach a federal government official is given to the House of Representatives
� Yes, the Constitution gives the House of Representatives the right to impeach the president
� Impeachment means that a charg
Federalism
� Federalism is the sharing of power between national and state governments
� Federalism is one of the most important and innovative concepts in the U.S. Constitution, although the word never appears there
� In America, the states existed first, and they
How the U.S. Constitution is Flexible
� Flexible means capable of changing - the U.S. Constitution is flexible; it can adapt and change - the amendment process is an example of a flexible Constitution
� The elastic clause states that Congress can do what is necessary and proper to carry out i
The Impact of John Locke's Social Contract on the Declaration of Independence
� John Locke was a philosopher of the Enlightenment; he wrote of natural rights - life, liberty and property - and he wrote of the social contract that the people have an agreement or contract with government and will obey government as long as government
The Difficulties Facing Farmers in the 1800s
� It was hard to be a farmer - sometimes the rain did not come and the crops did not grow; sometimes bankers charged high interest rates and farms were confiscated; and the railroads always charged higher prices to farmers than other consumers
� In the so
Labor Union
� A labor union is an organization of workers that promotes higher wages, safer working conditions, and eight-hour workdays
� "We mean to make things over, we are tired of toil for naught, With but bare enough to live upon, and never an hour for thought;
Marbury v. Madison
� An important Supreme Court case
� Established the principle of judicial review
� Judicial review is determining the constitutionality of a law
� The Supreme Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional
� Chief Justice, John Marshall, strengthen
Consent of the Governed
� Consent of the governed was a concept from the European Enlightenment that was included in the United States Constitution
� The Declaration of Independence states that "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of