What made the election of 1960 different than any other election before it?
This election was the first in which both parties made substantial use of the television. The elections outcome was influenced heavily by a series of four televised debates
What programs did President Kennedy hope to implement as part of his legislative agenda, known as the New Frontier? Why was Kennedy unable to push through many of his programs?
He hoped to increase aid to education and Provide health insurance to the elderly (congress blocks these programs)
Create a department of urban affairs;
Passing such legislation was no easy task on Capitol hill, saw his programs as too expensive and were
How did president Kennedy increase economic growth and create jobs?
He advocated Deficit spending and investing more funds in defense and space exploration;
He also pushed for tax cuts, but congress refused to pass the tax cut because of fears that it would cause inflation
Raise minimum wage
Area redevelopment and housing
Equal pay act of 1963
Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act which affirmed the right of women to receive equally paid employment (called for federal action against gender discrimination)
Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental health centers construction act of 1963
Kennedy convened the presidents panel on Mental Retardation, calling for funding for research into developmental disabilities and educational/ vocational programs for people with developmental disabilities. Congress responded to the panel by passing this
What was Camp Shriver?
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (Kennedy's sister) began a day camp at her home for children with developmental disabilities; became known as Camp Shriver
What reforms took place in the Warren court?
A decision to force states to reapportion electoral districts shifted power from rural areas to urban areas and boosted the political power of African Americans and Hispanics (large population resided in cities)
Which 2 Supreme Court cases concerned reapportionment
Baker v Carr (1962)- Tennessee voters went to Supreme Court concerning reapportionment; court ruled that federal courts have jurisdiction to hear lawsuits seeking to force states to redraw electoral districts.
Reynolds v Sims ( 1964): The court ruled that
Due process
A judicial requirement that laws may not treat individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that courts must follow proper procedures and rules when trying cases ( as part of the 14th amendment)
Supreme Court ruled that all people have the righ
Mapp V Ohio
Court ruled that state courts could not consider evidence obtained in violation of the US constitution
Gideon v Wainwright
The court ruled that a defendant in a state court had the right to a lawyer, regardless of his or her ability to pay
Escobedo v Illinois
The court ruled that suspects must be allowed access to a lawyer and informed of their right to remain silent before being questioned
Miranda v Arizona 1966
Went even further than the other cases, Requiring authorities to inform suspects of their right to remain silent; that anything they say can and will be used against them in court, and they have a right to a lawyer. These warnings are known as the Miranda
What was the Warren courts stance on prayer and
Privacy?
Prayer-The warren court reaffirmed separation of church and state by saying that prayers could not be recited in public schools. (Case Engel v Vitale 1962)
Abington School District v Schempp 1963- ruled against state mandated bible readings in public scho
How did Kennedy plan to contain communism?
He advocated a buildup of conventional weapons and the establishment of aid programs in Latin America and developing nations
Why did Kennedy push for more conventional weapons?
To allow for a more "flexible response" to resist communist movements the president pushed for a buildup of troops and conventional weapons. He also expanded the special forces elite army unit. He also felt that Eisenhower relied too heavily on nuclear we
Define- flexible response
The build up of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons
What was the Alliance for Progress
To improve relations between the United States and Latin America, Kennedy proposed the alliance for progress, a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments. The US pledged $20 billion to help Latin American countries establish bette
How did the Peace Corps help developing nations?
This program sent Americans to provide humanitarian services in developing nations, aimed at fighting poverty. Peace corps volunteers built roads, taught English, laid out sewage systems, and trained medical technicians
Why was the space program important to Kennedy?
The Soviet Union had beaten the US in the space race after the launch of Sputnik. Kennedy worried that Soviet successes in space might convince the world that communism was better than capitalism.
Kennedy went before Congress and declared that a man must
What occurred at the Bay of pigs?
-1st crisis to contain communism occurred in Cuba, 90mi from US land
-Fidel Castro, dictator of Cuba established an alliance with the Soviet Union, and caused the nation of Cuba to fall under communism
-this alliance worried Americans
-Fearing that the So
What became the symbol of Cold War divisions?
The Berlin Wall
- to stop Germans from leaving communist east Germany for West Berlin, Khrushchev demanded that the western powers recognize east Germany and withdraw from Berlin. Kennedy refused. Khrushchev retaliated by building the wall
What incident exposed the Soviets military inferiority and led to the buildup of weapons in the US and the Soviet Union? Explain what occured
The Cuban missile crisis-
-American intelligence learned that Soviet technicians and equipment had arrived in Cuba and that military construction was in process.
-The Soviet Union had placed long range nuclear missiles in Cuba directed toward US
-Kennedy
What compromise was made between the US and Soviet Union regarding the buildup of weapons/ missiles
The Soviet union offered to remove the missiles if the United States promised not to invade Cuba. The United States also agreed to removeq it's missiles from Turkey near the Soviet border
When did the presidency of JFK end?
November 22, 1963
Murdered in a moving vehicle while in Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald (Marxist who had spent time in Soviet Union)
Who became president after the assassination of president Kennedy?
Lyndon B Johnson (Vice President)
What was Johnson's leadership style?
He was a A man of impressive stature who spoke directly, convincingly, and even roughly at times. He had a lot of congressional experience behind him. He earned a reputation as a man who got things done. He did favors, twisted arms, bargained, flattered,
Why was Johnson concerned about poverty?
He himself faced hard times growing up, and had seen extreme poverty during his brief career as a teacher in a low income area; he believed a wealthy and powerful government should improve the lives of its citizens. He had ambition to fix the poverty that
What programs did Johnson's "War on Poverty " include?
Economic Opportunity act: attacked inadequate public services, illiteracy and unemployment; established 10 new programs within a new agency, the Office of Economic opportunity (OEO)
-OEO oversaw many programs to improve life in inner cities
1. Neighborhoo
What were the goals of the "Great Society"?
Goals reflected the times;
The civil rights movement had brought racial inequalities to the forefront, and the strong economy encourage people to believe that poverty could be reduced;
Johnson's ambitious vision encompassed more than 60 programs
Which great society programs strongly supported health and welfare?
Medicare: offered all senior citizens health insurance (many lacked Health insurance)
Medicaid: provided health and medical assistance to low income families who lived below the poverty line; funded through federal and state governments
Child Nutrition ac
Which Great Society programs strongly supported education?
Elementary and secondary education act (1965): granted millions of dollars to public and private schools
Project head start- funded a preschool program to disadvantaged children
Higher education act- supported college tuition scholarships, student loans a
Which Great Society programs strongly supported consumer and environmental protection?
Clean Air Act and Water Quality Act: supported development of standards and goals for water and air quality
Highway Safety Act: improved federal, state, and local coordination and created training standards for emergency medical technicians
Fair Packaging
Why were the civil rights act of 1964 and the voting rights act of 1965 important? Explain what these legislations did
Major civil rights goals were achieved:
Civil rights act- barred discrimination of many kinds
Voting rights act- protected voters from discriminatory practices
How did the immigration act of 1965 begin to change the composition of the American population?
This act ended the system established in the 1920s that gave preference to Northern European immigrants. The new law opened wider the door of the US to immigrants from all parts of Europe, Asia and Africa
What great society programs have survived? Why did others fall apart?
Medicare
Medicaid
Department of transportation
Department of housing and urban development
Project head start
The great society was limited; in some cases the programs grew so quickly they became unmanageable and difficult to evaluate; people began to exp