Marco Polo
Italian adventurer who went on 20 voyage to China and wrote about it
Francisco Pizzaro
conquistador who conquered the incas
Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountian of Youth
Hernando de Soto
Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain
Montezuma
aztec emperor invaded by hernando cortes and his forces
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Francisco Coronado
16th century Spanish explorer who was the first European to discover the Grand Canyon
Robert de La Salle
Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
Jaques Cartier
French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possesion (1534)
Giovanni de Verrazano
Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America
John Cabot
Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)
Vasco Nunez Balboa
Spain- first to see the Pacific
Ferdinand of Aragon
ruler of Spain, married Isabella of Castille, funded Columbus's journeys to the new world
Isabella of Castille
married Ferdinand of Aragon, helped with funding for Columbus's journey to New World
Quetzalcoatl
The Aztec people believed that Cortes might be _______, an Aztec God.
Bartholomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)
Hiawatha
a native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century)
Bartolome de Las Casas
Spaniard who fought for Native American rights.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
Vasco de Gama
A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
Renaissance
the revival of learning and culture
mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
Treaty of Torsedillas
Moves line further so Portugal can claim Brazil
three sister farming
the cultivation of beans, corn, and squash together.
Great Ice Age
Geological era that occured between ca. 2 million and 11,000 years ago. As a result of climate shifts, large numbers of new species evolved during this period aka Pleistocene epoch
Canadian Shield
a huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada
Mound Builders
Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.
Spanish Armada
the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588
black legend
Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good
conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced
Pope's Rebellion
An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.
Iroquois Confederacy
a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
cartography
the making of maps and charts
Native Americans
the first people to live in North America
Vineland
name for present-day Newfoundland given by the Norse seafarers from Scandinavia; abundant in grapes
St Augustine, Florida
Spanish erected a "fortress" here
kiva
a round room used by the pueblo people for religious ceremonies
spice islands
Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg
Moors
Spanish Muslims
ecosystem
a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment
encomienda
brutal spanish system of using native americans for labor
malinchista
word in Mexico meaning "traitor"; based on the name of Cortes's translator
Dia de la Raza
celebration of Columbus day in Mexico that celebrates the birthday of a wholly new race of peopl
Lord De La Warr
An Englishman who came to America in 1610. He brought the Indians in the Jamestown area a declaration of war from the Virginia Company. This began the four year Anglo-Powhatan War. De la Warr brought in "Irish tactics" to use in battle with the Indians.
Pocahontas
a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Handsome Lake
A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men.
Lord Baltimore
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
Walter Raleigh
Attempted to form a colony in North Carolina. failure
James Olgethorpe
GA's governor; lead invasion of florida (unseccessful) ; hated slavery - slavery was outlawed; this all fell, legalized slavery= plantation colony that boomed
Humphrey Gilbert
English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583)
Oliver Cromwell
As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship.
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia
John Wesley
Founded the Methodist church
Francis Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)
George Percy
Governor of Jamestown wrote of colonists extreme hunger
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
Richard Hakluyt
Main promoter of colonization by England in the New World. Reasons included surplus of English labor and thwarting Spain.
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Elizabeth I
Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Philip II
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I
James I
succeeded Elizabeth I, persecuted the Puritans, led to many moving to america
Charles I
King of England who disliked puritans and their ideas and had a few jailed
Charles II
king when monarchy was re-established, wanted to share power with parliament but had to dissolve parliament when they became a threat to the catholic church
Deganawidah and Hiawatha
two leaders who founded the Iroquois Confederacy in the late 1500s
George II
Georgia was named after this English king
nation-state
A country
joint stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
slavery
the practice of owning slaves
enclosure
in England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands
House of Burgesses
The first official legislative assembly in the Colonies
royal charter
a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain)
slave codes
originated in Barbados but modeled in the colonies, very harsh laws regarding the treatment of slaves
yeoman
man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer
proprietor
individual who received legal and exclusive right to a colony
longhouse
The basic house type of northern Iroquoian peoples such as the HURON and IROQUOIS.
squatter
someone who settles on land without right or title
law of primogeniture
states that inheritance gets passed onto the eldest son from the father; includes land
indentured servitude
person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america.
starving time
Jamestown winter of 1609 and 1610
sea dogs
english pirates (Sir Francis Drake)
surplus population
remarkably mobile population in England due to footloose farmers from enclosure; went to New World to work and gain money
First Anglo-Powhatan War
De La Warr v Indians, ended in peace settlement in 1614 with marriage of Pocohontas to John Rolfe
Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Indians defeated by Virginians... made Indians stop trying to win their land back
Maryland Act of Toleration
1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
Savannah Indians
tribe who had helped English settlers in Carolinas with Indian slave trade, but were later annihilated by the colonists when they tried to leave
Quebec
first permanent French settlement in North America
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America
Charles Town
The busiest seaport in the south, had a lot of religious toleration
Protestant Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Powhatan's Confederacy
several tribes around Jamestown area over which Powhatan asserted supremacy
Chesapeake
Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
English Civil War
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648
John Calvin
Frenchman, founded Calvinism in Geneva... religious reformer
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan dissenter banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island in 1638
Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
Henry Hudson
English navigator who discovered the Hudson River
William Bradford
United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper (1663-1752)
Peter Stuyvesant
Governor of the Dutch colony of New Netherland
William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury, denied Puritans the right to publish and preach in 1630, was executed in 1645
Thomas Hooker
1635; a Boston Puritan, brought a group of fellow Boston Puritans to newly founded Hartford, Connecticut.
John Winthrop
puritan, minister and governor of massachusettes bay colony.
King Philip (Metacom)
Indian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England
John Cotton
prominent Mass minister, believed that only the spiritual "elect" should have any authority, to become "elect" they have a conversion experience, caused dissension in colony and would eventually lead to the founding of new colonies
Sir Edmund Andros
Governor appointed by the King of England to govern over the Dominion of England
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles
William and Mary
King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
Massaoit
wampanoag chieftain who befriended english colonists
Myles Standish
Captain on the Mayflower; he later rendered indispensable service as an Indian fighter and negotiator
Martin Luther
German monk and leader of the Protestant Reformation
Michael Wigglesworth
New England clergyman who wrote the popular poem "Day of Doom", which told the horrifying fate of the damned
Squanto
Native American who helped with relation between the natives and the Pilgrims.
franchise
a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area
predestination
idea that God determines man's salvation before birth
freemen
adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations
visible saints
in Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.
conversion
a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life
doctrine of a calling
Puritan belief that they are responsible to do God's work on earth
covenant
agreement with God
antinomianism
the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)
sumptuary laws
restrictions that regulated the style of dress and personal expenditures on clothing and accessories
salutary neglect
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
passive resistance
peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate
city on a hill
what John Winthrop said that their Puritan model societies based on Christian principles should be (better than everyone else's societies.)
Pilgrims
English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620
New England Confederation
early colonial union involving the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut settlements
Calvinism
the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.
Dominion of New England
1686 James II reorganized New England. Sent Edmund Andros to take charge. Governed w/ an appointive council and superior court
Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin's major work that established the theology and doctrine of the Calvinist churches; first published in 1536
Navigation Laws
Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America
Great Migration
when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times
Glorious Revolution
bloodless overthrow of James II
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
General Court
a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's
Dutch West India Company
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)
Separatists
a sect of Puritans who totally seperated and sailed to American; Pilgrims
Bible Commonwealth
name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints.
Quakers
religious group who settled Pennsylvania - very tolerant and nonviolent
Mayflower
the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620
Protestant (work) ethic
Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group
Mayflower Compact
a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government
Fundamental Orders
The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.
French Huguenots
Protestant reformers persecuted for their break from catholic church
Scottish Presbyterians
one group of Puritan American settlers who were Calvinists
Church of England
Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
Dutchification
the traits and culture of the Dutch being imprinted into the young minds of the English Separatists
Plymouth Bay
Where they sailed to instead of Virginia
Congregational Church
a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing
Pequot War
The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.
New Netherland
a Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam
a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island
New Sweden
was established in 1638, taken over by New Netherlands (the Dutch) in 1655 and encompassed southern NJ, parts of PA and Delaware
Penn's Woodland
literal translation of "Pennsylvania"; what William Penn named his colony, but in honor of his father, not himself