aude?, aud?re
to dare
caput, capitis (n.)
head
coep?
I began
cogn?sc?, cogn?scere, cogn?v?
to get to know, find out
dea, deae (f.)
goddess
d?m?nstr?, d?m?nstr?re, d?m?nstr?v?
to point out, show
disc?d?, disc?dere, discess?
to depart, leave
fortasse
perhaps
ibi
there
libenter
gladly
manus, man?s (f.)
hand
m?les, m?litis (m.)
soldier
nam
for
n?m?, n?minis
no one
obst?, obst?re, obstit?
to obstruct, block the way
pars, partis (f.)
part
pet?, petere, pet?v?
to beg for, ask for
poste?
afterwards
pr?
in front of
qu??
where? where to?
rec?s?, rec?s?re, rec?s?v?
to refuse
sole?, sol?re
to be accustomed
aedific?, aedific?re, aedific?v?
I build, to build, I built
auxilium
help
bonus
good
c?nsenti?, c?nsent?re, c?ns?ns?
I agree, to agree, I agreed
c?nsilium
plan, idea
deinde
then
d?lect?, d?lect?re, d?lect?v?
I delight, to delight, I delighted
effugi?, effugere, eff?g?
I escape, to escape, I escaped
fl?s
flower
imper?tor
emperor
inter
among
ita
in this way
melior
better
n?vig?, n?vig?re, n?vig?v?
I sail, to sail, I sailed
n?nne?
surely?
pere?, per?re, peri?
I die, perish, to die, perish, I died, perished
p?n?, p?nere, posu?
I place, put, to place, put, I placed, put
postr?di?
(on) the next day
p?ni?, p?n?re, p?n?v?
I punish, to punish, I punished
simulac, simulatque
as soon as
summus
highest, greatest, top
toll?, tollere, sustul?
I raise, lift up, to raise, lift up, I raised, lifted up
vert?, vertere, vert?
I turn, to turn, I turned
?, ab (+ Ablative)
from, away from
animus, anim?, m.
spirit, soul, mind
appropinqu?, appropinqu?re, appropinqu?v?, (+ Dative)
to approach, come near to
?ra, ?rae, f.
altar
bene
well
benignus, benigna, benignum
kind
di?
for a long time
faber, fabri, m.
craftsman
facilis, facilis, facile
easy
graviter
seriously
h?c
here, to this place
?nsula, ?nsulae, f.
island
inv?tus, inv?ta, inv?tum
unwilling
itaque
and so
maximus, maxima, maximum
very big, very large, very great
neg?tium, neg?ti?, n.
business
numquam
never
pauc?, paucae, pauca
few, a few
perveni?, perven?re, perv?n?, perventum
to reach, arrive at
quondam
one day, once
recipi?, recipere, rec?p?, receptum
to recover, take back
resist?, resistere, restit? (+ Dative)
to resist
Egypt
became a Roman province after the defeat of Cleopatra in 31 BC; most important supplier of grain to Rome
Alexandria
capital city founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC; world center of culture and learning
Alexander the Great
ruler of Macedonia and founder of Alexandria in 331 BC
Pharos
three-tiered marble lighthouse in the Great Harbor of Alexandria; could seen from 70 miles away; one of the wonders of the ancient world
official language of Alexandria
Greek
Aristarchus
Alexandrian scholar who first proposed that the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentrism)
Euclid
Alexandrian scholar who composed "Elements," a geography textbook used until relatively recent times
Museum
university in Alexandria that had lecture halls, science labs, and the largest library in the ancient world
Great Library
located in Alexandria; largest library in the ancient world, with over half a million volumes
Cleopatra's needles
two obelisks that originally stood in front of the Caesareum in Alexandria; now in New York and London
obelisk
a rectangular stone pillar with a pyramid-shaped top; used as a monument or landmark
Caesareum
temple in Alexandria begun by Cleopatra for her lover, Mark Antony, but completed by the emperor Augustus, who dedicated it to himself
Royal Quarter
one square mile in the city of Alexandria that contained government offices and the Library and Museum
Canopus Street
main street of ancient Alexandria that was over 100 feet wide; larger than any street in other provinces
glass
substance made of super-heated sand, plant ash, or lime, that first appeared in Egypt around 1500 BC
papyrus
early form of "paper" made of flattened reeds from the River Nile
Actium
naval battle in 31 BC that marked the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony by Octavian (aka the future emperor Augustus)
Mark Antony
one-time ally of Octavian who was defeated by him at the battle of Actium in 31 BC
Cleopatra
last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt; lover of Julius Caesar and then Mark Antony; committed suicide by snakebite after she and Antony were defeated at Actium in 31 BC
Ptolemy
Alexander the Great's lieutenant; ruled Alexandria after Alexander's death; his descendants ruled Egypt for 100 years, until the battle of Actium
sphinx
stone figure of a creature having the head of a human and the body of a lion; the Great Sphinx of Giza is approximately 100 miles from Alexandria
Apuleius
author of "The Golden Ass," a Roman novel that ends with its narrator's initiation into the cult of Isis
Isiaci
specially initiated followers of the goddess Isis
cella
main room, or sanctuary, of a Roman temple
sistrum
special rattle used during worship of Isis
festival of Isis
Alexandrian festival on March 5 that featured a procession carrying a statue of Isis from her temple to the Great Harbor in order to bless the grain ships sailing to Rome
hieroglyph
picture writing used especially by the Egyptians
Seth
brother of Isis and Osiris; murdered Osiris and scattered his body parts around the earth
Bastet
Egyptian goddess with a cat's head
Horus
Egyptian god with a hawk's head; son of Isis and Osiris
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld; husband of Isis and father of Horus; depicted in Egyptian art with green skin
Isis
Egyptian goddess of fertility and magic; wife of Osiris and mother of Horus; earthly form was that of a cat
Serapis
Greco-Egyptian god of the underworld and abundance; name represents the combination of the gods Osiris and Apis
peasant farmers
basis of Egyptian society; responsible for producing large amounts of grain to supply to Rome; also responsible for repairing dams
Nile River
major river in Egypt; seasonal floods cause the land to become extremely fertile
thermae
Latin term for a bathhouse
glassblowing
process invented in the first century BC in the eastern Mediterranean that made the production of glass vessels cheaper and faster
ribbon glass
process of making glass objects that involved melting sticks of differently colored glass over a shaped mold
millefiori
process of making glass objects that involved melting small pieces of colored glass to produce a flower-like pattern; name is Italian for "thousand flowers
pharaoh
ruler of ancient Egypt