tissue system
ground tissues, vascular tissues and dermal tissues
apical meristem locations
found in root and shoot tips
primary growth
produces primary plant body
indeterminate growth
unlike animals
primary meristems
protoderm, ground meristem, and pro cambium
primary tissues
epidermis, ground tissues and primary xylem and phloem
3 processes of development
growth, morphogenesis, differentiation
growth
A. irreversible increase in size
B. cell division and cell enlargement
morphogenesis
plant assumes a particular shape/form, which depends on the planes in which cells divide and tissues exapand
differentiation
A. cells with ID genetic constituents become different from each other and from meristematic cells
B. fate determined by final position in organ
tissues
A. structural and functional units of cells
B. simple V complex tissues
C. groped into tissue system in plants
D. characteristic pattern- vascular tissues and dermal tissues
ground (fundamental) system
parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
vascular system
xylem and phloem
dermal system
epidermis and periderm
parenchyma tissue/cells
A. usually living at maturity
B. capable of mitosis
C. some cells have secondary walls
D. photosynthesis, storage, secretion and transport
parenchyma unique characteristics
considered totipotent and contain transfer cells
totipotent
cells that can fix itself and produce any differentiated cells
transfers cells
cell wall ingrowths increase surface area of plasma membrane
collenchyma tissue/cells
A. living at maturity
B. common in strands/cylinders
C. unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary wall
D. support young, growing organs
E. commonly found under epidermis in leaves/petioles and around eudicot leaf veins
sclerenchyma tissue/cells
A. may be dead at maturity
B. thick, often lignified secondary wall
C. strength and support plant parts not elongating
D. 2 types of cells- sclereids and fibers
xylem and phloem derived from
procambium and vascular cambium
procambium (primary meristem)
1. primary xylem and phloem
2. often primary xylem destroyed after plant elongation
vascular cambium (secondary/lateral meristem)
secondary xylem and phloem
xylem
1. water conducting tissue in vascular plants
2. mineral transport, support, food storage
3. principal conducting cells
4. other xylem cells
5. differentiation
principal conducting cells (xylem)
1. treachery elements- tracheas and vessel elements
2. elongated cells with secondary walls, no protoplasts at maturity, may have pits
other xylem cells
1. parenchyma for storage
2. fibers for support and storage
3. sclereids sometimes
tracheas
1. less specialized, lacking perforations
2. only type in most seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms
vessels elements
1. main conducting cell in angiosperms
2. contain perforations
3. trade-offs with perforations, width
differentiation
programmed cell death
phloem
1. transport food, AA, lipids, hormones, floral stimulus, proteins, viruses
2. principal conducting cells
3. other phloem cells
principal conducting cells (phloem)
sieve elements with sieve cells (gymnosperms) and sieve tube elements (angiosperms)
other phloem cells
parenchyma and fibers/sclereids
sieve elements
1. primary walls
2. living protoplasts at maturity
3. callose and P-protein
living protoplasts at maturity
bu some organelles broken down during differentiation
callose and P-protein
help block pores when wounded
parenchyma
1. companion cells (with all organelles)
2. albuminous cells
3. other cells for storage
companion cells (phloem)
1. in angiosperms
2. connected to sieve-tube elements
albuminous cells (phloem)
1. in gymnosperms
2. associated with sieve cells
dermal tissues
epidermis and periderm
epidermis
1. outermost cell layer of primary plant body that is compactly arranged and exterior is covered in cuticle
2. specialized cells
specialized cells (epidermis)
1. guard cells- open and close stomata
2. trichomes- increased reflection of solar radiation, absorption of water/minerals, protection from herbivory, glandular
periderm
1. replaces epidermis in secondary growth
2. comprised of cork, cork cambium and phelloderm
cork
non-living and highly suberized
cork cambium
secondary/lateral meristem
phelloderm
living parenchyma tissue