What are three principal organs of seeds?
Roots, Stem, Leaves
What is the function that roots perform?
They anchor plants in the ground, and absorb water and nutrients from soil.
What does the transport system of stems do?
The stem transports nutrients throughout the plant.
Which principal organ part of plants carry out photosynthesis?
Leaves.
What do adjustable pores of leaves help conserve, and what do they allow to enter and leave a plant?
The leave pores conserve water while allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and exit.
What are the three tissue systems of plants?
Plant tissue, Dermal Tissue, and Vascular Tissue.
Dermal tissue typically consists of a single layer called?
Epidermal Cells
What is the cuticle, and what is its function?
A cuticle is a thick waxy coating of epidermal cells, that protects against water loss, and injury.
What is the function of the tiny projections known as trichomes?
Trichomes help protect the leaf, and give it a fuzzy appearance.
What does dermal tissue consist of in roots, and what is its function?
Dermal tissue contains guard cells, which regulate water loss, and gas exchange.
What is the function of xylem, and the cell types within the tissue?
Xylem transports water, and consists of vessel elements, and tracheid.
What is the function of phloem, and the cell types within the tissue?
Phloem transports water, and consists of sieve tube elements, and companion cells.
Describe a tracheid.
Long, narrow xylem cells with walls that are impermeable to water.
Describe vessel elements.
Xylem cells arranged end to end on top of one another.
Describe sieve tube elements.
The main phloem cells.
Describe companion cells.
Phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements.
How can water move from one tracheid into a neighboring cell?
The walls are pierced by openings that connect neighboring cells.
What cells support the phloem cells?
Companion cells.
The cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue make up what kind of tissue?
Ground tissue.
Describe the Parenchyma structure and its function.
Parenchyma are cells with thin cell walls and large central vacuoles. These cells are packed with Chloroplasts, and are the site of plants photosynthesis.
Describe Collenchyma structure and its function.
Collenchyma cells have strong, flexible cell walls, that support larger plants.
Describe Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma makes ground tissue tough and strong.
What does indeterminate growth mean in a plant?
This means they grow and produce cells at the tips of the roots and stems for as long as they live.
Where are these cells (ones produced at the tips of the roots and stems) produced?
In Meristems.
What is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis?
Meristematic.
What occurs as meristematic cells mature?
They differ into other tissues.
What is an apical meristem?
A group of undifferentiated cells, produced to increase length of stems, and roots.
Where else on many plants is there meristematic tissue other than at apical meristems?
The leaf, flower, and width of the stem.
What are the two main types of roots?
The taproot and fibrous root.
How are primary roots and secondary roots different from each other?
Primary roots grow long and thick, secondary roots remain small.
Describe a taproot and where its mainly in. Also, provide examples.
Taproots are long and thick primary roots that grow deep into the soil, and are mainly in dicots. Some examples are: carrots, dandelions, beets, and radish.
Describe a fibrous root , where its mainly found, along with examples.
Fibrous roots are usually shallow and consist of many thin roots. They are mostly found in monocots, and an example is a weed.
What is the structure of a mature root?
A mature root has an outside layer, the epidermis, and a central cylinder of vascular tissue. Between the two is a large area of ground tissue.
Water enters the plant through the large surface area provided by?
The root hairs.
What does the cortex of a root consist of?
A spongy layer of ground tissue.
The vascular tissue in the central region of a root is called the?
Vascular cylinder.
What protects the apical meristem of a root?
A root cap.
Where does most of the increase in root length occur?
Behind the meristem.
What are two functions of a plant's roots?
Anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and dissolve nutrients from the soil.
True or false? The ingredients of a oil can determine what kinds of plants grow in it.
True.
Give three facts about active transport of minerals in roots.
Water molecules move into the plant by active transport, ATP is the source of energy used to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant, and The cell membranes of root hairs contain active transport proteins.
What happens to the water and dissolved minerals after they move into the cortex?
They pass the inner boundary of the cortex, and enter the endodermis.
Each of the cells of a root's endodermis is surrounded on four sides by a waterproof strip called a?
Casparian strip.
Why is there a one-way passage of materials into the vascular cylinder in plant roots?
Osmosis traps them within the vascular cylinder, causing a one way passage.
What is root pressure?
When there's a lot of water within the cylinder, they only go up and supply the plant with what it needs.
What are two important functions of stems?
Produce leaves, branches and flowers, hold leaves up to sunlight, and transport substances between roots and leaves.
What three tissue systems compose a stem?
Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
What is Node?
Node is where the leaves are attached.
What is Internode?
Internode contains undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves.
What is Bud?
Bud is where leaves are attached.
How does the arrangement of tissues in a stem differ among seed plants?
Monocots: Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.
Dicots: Vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder.
In a monocot stem, what does each vascular bundle contain?
Xylem and Phloem tissue.
The parenchyma cells inside the ring of a dicot stem are known as?
Pith.
What do the parenchyma cells outside the ring of vascular tissue form in a dicot stem?
The stem's cortex.
What is the primary growth in a plant?
When new cells are produced at the tips of roots and shoots, occurring only at the end of a plant.
Primary growth of stems is produced by cell division in the?
Apical meristem.
True or false? Only dicot plants undergo primary growth.
False.
The pattern of growth in which stems increase in width is called?
Secondary growth.
In conifers and dicots, where does secondary growth take place?
In the lateral meristematic tissues/ vascular cambium, and cork cambium.
What does cork cambium produce?
Outer covering of stems.
What type of lateral meristematic tissue produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems over time?
vascular cambium.
Name three facts about vascular cambium.
Forms between the xylem and phloem of individual vascular bundles, divisions of vascular cambium give rise to new layers of xylem and phloem, and once secondary growth begins, vascular cambium appears as a thin layer.
True or false? Most of what we call "wood" is actually layers of phloem?
False.
What is heartwood?
Old xylem that can't conduct anymore water.
The wood that is active in fluid transport and therefore lighter in color is called?
Sapwood
The alternation of dark and light wood produces what we commonly call?
Tree rings.
How can you estimate the age of a tree?
By the amount of tree ringers it has.
On most trees, what does bark include?
All tissues outside the vascular cambium.
Name three facts about cork.
Cork cells usually contain fats, oils, or waxes, cause the loss of water from a stem, and the outermost cork cells are usually dead.