Energy
The ability to do work or produce heat
Potential energy
Energy due to position or composition
Kinetic energy
Energy due to the motion of an object
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed
Work
Force acting over a distance
State functions
Property of the system that changes independently of its pathways
Temperature
Measure of the random motions of the components of a substance
Heat
The flow of energy due to a temperature difference
System
Part of the universe on which we wish to focus
Surroundings
Include everything else in the universe
Exothermic
A process that results in the evolution of heat; energy flows out
Endothermic
A process that absorbs energy from the surroundings; energy flows in
Thermodynamics
The study of energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
The energy of the universe is constant (same as the Law of Conservation Energy)
Internal energy
Sum of kinetic and potential energy of the system
?E=q+w
Change in Internal Energy
Calorie
The amount of energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree
4.184J
One calorie (in joules)
Specific Heat Capacity
The amount of energy required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree
Enthalpy
A special energy function (?H) when under constant pressure, is equal to the energy that flows as heat
Calorimeter
A device used to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction
Energy Spread
Concentrated energy is dispersed widely
Matter Spread
Molecules of a substance spread out and occupy a larger volume
Entropy
Natural tendency of the universe to become disordered (symbol is S)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of the universe is always increasing
Gibbs Free Energy
G=H-T?S
?G=?H-T?S
Change in Free Energy
4.184J/g�C
The specific heat capacity of water
positive
In ?G=?H-T?S, when ?G is negative, ?S is ________.
negative
In ?G=?H-T?S, when ?S is positive, ?G is ________.
273
0�C + ____ = _____K (hint: both blanks are the same answer)