What are common names?
When chemistry was an infant science, there was no system for naming compounds. Names
such as sugar of lead, blue vitrol, quicklime, Epsom salts, milk of magnesia, gypsum, and
laughing gas were coined by early chemists. Such names are called common names.
Approximately how many chemical compounds are currently known?
5 million
What are organic compounds?
compounds based on chains
of carbon atoms
What are binary compounds?
compounds
composed of two elements
What are binary ionic compounds?
contain a positive ion (cation) always written first in the formula
and a negative ion (anion).
What are the rules for naming basic binary ionic compounds?
1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.
2. A monatomic (meaning "one-atom") cation takes its name from the name of
the element. For example, Na is called sodium in the names of compounds
containing this ion.
3. A monatomic anion is named
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: NaCl
Na+, Cl- Sodium chloride
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: KI
K+, I- Potassium iodide
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: CaS
Ca2+, S2- Calcium sulfide
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: Li3N
Li+, N3- Lithium nitride
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: CsBr
Cs+, Br- Cesium bromide
Name the following compound and describe the ions present: MgO
Mg2+, O2- Magnesium oxide
Name the following cations and anions: H+ H-
Li+ F-
Na+ Cl-
K+ Br-
Cs+ I-
Be2+ O2-
Mg2+ S2-
Ca2+ N3-
Ba2+ P3-
Al3+
Hydrogen Hydride
Lithium Fluoride
Sodium Chloride
Potassium Bromide
Cesium Iodide
Beryllium Oxide
Magnesium Sulfide
Calcium Nitride
Barium Phosphide
Aluminum
What is the formula for each of these: Hydrogen Hydride
Lithium Fluoride
Sodium Chloride
Potassium Bromide
Cesium Iodide
Beryllium Oxide
Magnesium Sulfide
Calcium Nitride
Barium Phosphide
Aluminum
H+ H-
Li+ F-
Na+ Cl-
K+ Br-
Cs+ I-
Be2+ O2-
Mg2+ S2-
Ca2+ N3-
Ba2+ P3-
Al3+
What is the difference between type I and type II binary ionic compounds as the textbook describes them?
(Type I) the metal present forms only
a single type of cation. Type II: In a case such as this, the charge on the metal ion
must be specified. The systematic names for these two iron compounds are iron(II) chloride
and iron(III) chloride, respectively, wh
Name:
Fe3+
Fe2+
Cu2+
Cu+
Co3+
Co2+
Sn4+
Sn2+
Pb4+
Pb2+
Hg2+
Hg2^2+
Ag+
Zn2+
Cd2+
Iron(III)
Iron(II)
Copper(II)
Copper(I)
Cobalt(III)
Cobalt(II)
Tin(IV)
Tin(II)
Lead(IV)
Lead(II)
Mercury(II)
Mercury(I)
Silver
Zinc
Cadmium
Write the chemical symbol for each:
Iron(III)
Iron(II)
Copper(II)
Copper(I)
Cobalt(III)
Cobalt(II)
Tin(IV)
Tin(II)
Lead(IV)
Lead(II)
Mercury(II)
Mercury(I)
Silver
Zinc
Cadmium
Fe3+
Fe2+
Cu2+
Cu+
Co3+
Co2+
Sn4+
Sn2+
Pb4+
Pb2+
Hg2+
Hg2^2+
Ag+
Zn2+
Cd2+
What is the older system of naming type II binary ionic compounds?
used for metals that form only two ions. The ion with the higher charge has a name
ending in -ic, and the one with the lower charge has a name ending in -ous.
Where do the following usually occur on the periodic table: where more than one ionic compound forms between a given pair of elements.
transition metals, which often form more than one cation
Silver is a transition metal. Is it named with a Roman numeral the way other transition metals are or is it an exception. And zinc?
although
silver is a transition metal (and can potentially form ions other than Ag+), silver
compounds are usually named without a Roman numeral. Thus AgCl is typically called
silver chloride rather than silver(I) chloride, although the latter name is tec
In terms of using roman numerals to name multiple possibilities for cations in the transition metals, what are the two main exceptions?
zinc, usually forms Zn2+; and silver usually forming Ag+
What is the rule for polyatomic ionic compounds?
They must be memorized
What are oxyanions?
anions that contain an atom of a given element
and different numbers of oxygen atoms.
What's the rule for naming polyatomic ions when there are two oxyanions or maybe even more than two oxyanions?
When there
are two members in such a series, the name of the one with the smaller number of oxygen
atoms ends in -ite and the name of the one with the larger number ends in -ate�for
example, sulfite (SO3^2-) and sulfate (SO4^2-). When more than two oxyani
Hg2^2+
Mercury(I)
NH4+
Ammonium
NO2-
Nitrite
NO3-
Nitrate
SO3^2-
Sulfite
SO4^2-
Sulfate
HSO4-
Hydrogen sulfate
(bisulfate is a widely
used common name)
OH-
Hydroxide
CN-
Cyanide
PO4^3-
Phosphate
HPO4^2-
Hydrogen phosphate
H2PO4-
Dihydrogen phosphate
NCS- or SCN-
Thiocyanate
CO3^2-
Carbonate
HCO3-
Hydrogen carbonate
(bicarbonate is a widely
used common name)
ClO- or OCl-
Hypochlorite
ClO2-
Chlorite
ClO3-
Chlorate
ClO4-
Perchlorate
C2H3O2-
Acetate
MnO4-
Permanganate
Cr2O7^2-
Dichromate
CrO4^2-
Chromate
O2^2-
Peroxide
C2O4^2-
Oxalate
S2O3^2-
Thiosulfate
What are the type III binary covalent compounds?
Compounds formed between two nonmetals
What are the rules for naming binary covalent compounds?
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present. These prefixes are
given in Table 2.6.
4. The prefix mono-
Describe the Prefixes Used to
Indicate Number
in Chemical Names
mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10
What is the common name of N2O? Systematic name?
Systematic Name: dinitrogen monoxide Common Name: nitrous oxide
What is the common name of NO? Systematic name?
Systematic name: Nitrogen monoxide Common name: Nitric Oxide
Give the systematic name of the following: NO2
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen trioxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide
In naming binary covalent compounds, when do you drop the "a" or "o" of the prefixes?
when the element begins with a vowel. For example,
N2O4 is called dinitrogen tetroxide, not dinitrogen tetraoxide, and CO is called carbon
monoxide, not carbon monooxide.
What are three examples of compounds that are always referred to by their common names?
Three examples are
water, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. The systematic names for H2O, NH3, and H2O2
are never used.
How do you recognize if something is an acid?
Acids can be recognized by the hydrogen
that appears first in the formula.
HF
Hydrofluoric acid
HCl
Hydrochloric acid
HBr
Hydrobromic acid
HI
Hydroiodic acid
HCN
Hydrocyanic acid
H2S
Hydrosulfuric acid
HNO3
Nitric acid
HNO2
Nitrous acid
H2SO4
Sulfuric acid
H2SO3
Sulfurous acid
H3PO4
Phosphoric acid
HC2H3O2
Acetic acid
What are acids?
When dissolved in water, certain molecules produce a solution containing free H ions
(protons). An acid is a molecule in which one or more H+ ions are attached to an anion.
What is the first question you need to ask yourself if you're naming acids?
Does the anion
contain oxygen?
When naming acids, if the anion doesn't contain oxygen, what do you do?
hydro-
+ anion root
+ -ic
hydro(anion root)ic acid
When naming acids, if the anion DOES contain oxygen, what do you do?
Check the ending
of the anion. If -ite, anion or element root
+ -ous
(root)ous acid
If -ate, anion or element root
+ -ic
(root)ic acid