Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry

The study of carbon containing compounds

Organic compounds

The study of organic compounds is significantly larger than inorganic compounds

General characteristics of organic compounds

1)Generally have covalent bonds
2)Low melting and boiling points
3)Poor conductors of heat and electricity
4)They dissolve in nonpolar substances
5)React more slowly(stable)

Saturated

Organic compounds with only single bonds, like butane(all end in ane)
Saturated and single bonds both start with "s

Unsaturated

Organic compounds containing one or more triple bonds

Open chains

Look like lines

Closed chains

Form a ring

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds with only hydrogen and carbon

Homologous series

A group of related compounds where each member differs by one unit

Alkanes

Greatest bond is only a single bond
End in -ane
CnH2n+2

Alkenes

Greatest bond is only a double bond
End in -ene
CnH2n

Alkynes

Greatest bond is only a triple bond
End in -yne
CnH2n-2

Meth-

Only one carbon in longest continuous chain

Eth-

Two carbons in longest continuous chain

Prop-

Three carbons in longest continuous chain

But-

Four carbons in longest continuous chain

Pent-

Five carbons in longest continuous chain

Hex-

Six carbons in longest continuous chain

Hept-

Seven carbons in longest continuous chain

Oct-

Eight carbons in longest continuous chain

Non-

Nine carbons in longest continuous chain

Dec-

Ten carbons in longest continuous chain

Naming organic compounds with IUPAC(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules

1)Find the longest chain of continuous carbon atoms
2)Recognize and name the functional group
3)Assign a number to the carbon containing functional group, using the lowest number
4)Assign prefixes(di-, tri-, tetra-) if there is more than one functional gr

Methyl functional group

CH3

2-Methylbutane

Isomers

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

Alkyl groups

functional group, like an alkane, consisting of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms(methyl or ethyl groups are examples)

Functional Group

Replaces hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon, giving them distinct physical and chemical properties

Halides

1)Used as organic solvents and are used in pesticides
2)Binary compounds containing halogen atoms

-F

_#Carbon_ Fluoro+Carbon prefix+Bonding suffix

-Cl

_ Chloro-

-Br

_ Bromo-

-I

_ Iodo-

Alchohol groups

1) Contain -OH, a hydroxyl group
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -ol

Primary, secondary, or tertiary alchohols

Determined by the number of carbons bonded to the adjacent carbon of the alchohol functional group

Aldehydes

1) Contain a carbonyl group, an oxygen double bonded to a carbon, at a terminal carbon atom
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -al

Ketones

1) Contain a carbonyl group attached to an interior carbon
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -one to end of name

Ether

1) Contain an oxygen at the center
2) Add "ether" to end of name

Esters

1)Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -oate to end of name
2)Responsible for the odors of many foods
3)Consist of O bonded to another functional group, such as a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O)

Amines

1) Have nitrogen
2)Add "amine" to the name

Amino Acids

Have an amino group (like NH2)

Proteins

1) Chains of amino acids(chains of groups with nitrogen)

Dehydration synthesis

Combines a hydrogen and hydroxide end to form water and a protein(via amide bond)

Combustion

1) Hydrocarbons burned in the presence of oxygen produce water and carbon dioxide
2) Exothermic

Addition Reactions

1)Involve alkenes due to their double bond
2)An alkene bonds, usually with a cation