Organic chemistry
The study of carbon containing compounds
Organic compounds
The study of organic compounds is significantly larger than inorganic compounds
General characteristics of organic compounds
1)Generally have covalent bonds
2)Low melting and boiling points
3)Poor conductors of heat and electricity
4)They dissolve in nonpolar substances
5)React more slowly(stable)
Saturated
Organic compounds with only single bonds, like butane(all end in ane)
Saturated and single bonds both start with "s
Unsaturated
Organic compounds containing one or more triple bonds
Open chains
Look like lines
Closed chains
Form a ring
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds with only hydrogen and carbon
Homologous series
A group of related compounds where each member differs by one unit
Alkanes
Greatest bond is only a single bond
End in -ane
CnH2n+2
Alkenes
Greatest bond is only a double bond
End in -ene
CnH2n
Alkynes
Greatest bond is only a triple bond
End in -yne
CnH2n-2
Meth-
Only one carbon in longest continuous chain
Eth-
Two carbons in longest continuous chain
Prop-
Three carbons in longest continuous chain
But-
Four carbons in longest continuous chain
Pent-
Five carbons in longest continuous chain
Hex-
Six carbons in longest continuous chain
Hept-
Seven carbons in longest continuous chain
Oct-
Eight carbons in longest continuous chain
Non-
Nine carbons in longest continuous chain
Dec-
Ten carbons in longest continuous chain
Naming organic compounds with IUPAC(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules
1)Find the longest chain of continuous carbon atoms
2)Recognize and name the functional group
3)Assign a number to the carbon containing functional group, using the lowest number
4)Assign prefixes(di-, tri-, tetra-) if there is more than one functional gr
Methyl functional group
CH3
2-Methylbutane
Isomers
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
Alkyl groups
functional group, like an alkane, consisting of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms(methyl or ethyl groups are examples)
Functional Group
Replaces hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon, giving them distinct physical and chemical properties
Halides
1)Used as organic solvents and are used in pesticides
2)Binary compounds containing halogen atoms
-F
_#Carbon_ Fluoro+Carbon prefix+Bonding suffix
-Cl
_ Chloro-
-Br
_ Bromo-
-I
_ Iodo-
Alchohol groups
1) Contain -OH, a hydroxyl group
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -ol
Primary, secondary, or tertiary alchohols
Determined by the number of carbons bonded to the adjacent carbon of the alchohol functional group
Aldehydes
1) Contain a carbonyl group, an oxygen double bonded to a carbon, at a terminal carbon atom
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -al
Ketones
1) Contain a carbonyl group attached to an interior carbon
2) Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -one to end of name
Ether
1) Contain an oxygen at the center
2) Add "ether" to end of name
Esters
1)Remove last letter from bonding suffix and add -oate to end of name
2)Responsible for the odors of many foods
3)Consist of O bonded to another functional group, such as a carbonyl group (C double bonded to O)
Amines
1) Have nitrogen
2)Add "amine" to the name
Amino Acids
Have an amino group (like NH2)
Proteins
1) Chains of amino acids(chains of groups with nitrogen)
Dehydration synthesis
Combines a hydrogen and hydroxide end to form water and a protein(via amide bond)
Combustion
1) Hydrocarbons burned in the presence of oxygen produce water and carbon dioxide
2) Exothermic
Addition Reactions
1)Involve alkenes due to their double bond
2)An alkene bonds, usually with a cation