saturated solution
contains the maximum amount of solute for given quantity of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure
solubility
the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution
unsaturated solution
a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure
miscible
when two liquids can dissolve in each other in all proportions
immiscible
liquids that are insoluble in each other
supersaturated solution
contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature
Henry's law
at a given temperature, the solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure (P) of the gas above the liquid
concentration
a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
dilute solution
one that contains a small amount of solute
concentrated solution
contains a large amount of solute
molarity (M)
the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution
colligative property
a property that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identity
freezing-point depression
the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent
boiling point elevation
the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent
molality (M)
the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent. also known as molal concentration
mole fraction
the ratio of the moles of that solute to the total number of moles of solvent and solute
molal freezing point depression constant
the constant K(f) in T(b)=k(b)x m
the change in freezing point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute
molal boiling point elevation constant
the change in boiling point for a 1-molal solution of nonvolatile molecular solute