HENRY FORD/AUTOMOBILES
introduced the model T car, assembly line, $5 a day wage, wanted to
create a car affordable for the common man.
POST-WAR INFLATION
money isn't worth as much as it was before, People are working more
hours making more product to be able to afford things. Becomes a
surplus and they are forced to sell them cheaper and lose money which
cut hours. Cycle.
CONSUMER CULTURE
commonly held societal beliefs that define what is socially gratifying
INSTALLMENT PLAN/ CONSUMER CREDIT
many goods were too expensive; people could use installment plans to
buy things on credit to be able to afford what they wanted
TALKIES
a movie with a soundtrack, as distinct from a silent film.
POPULAR CULTURE
Newspapers, magazines, tabloids, and the radio disbursed mass culture
to Americans. Music, shows, news, and articles provided society with
different perspectives and options for life.
FLAPPERS
Some women began showing their independence through fashion and
music, but they weren�t the majority.
OMINOUS ECONOMIC SIGNS
Stock speculation, Agriculture/coal/textile industries stagnant,
Unbalanced tax structure, Economic inequality, Foreign inability to
pay debts
BLACK TUESDAY
The Wall Street Crash in October of 1929 � Black Tuesday � was not
the only factor in the depression. The economy of the United States
had lots of weaknesses
MINORITIES IN THE DEPRESSION
Women are the one's that are mostly affected of malnutrition-related diseases.
"The Invisible Star" trauma that people suffered
internally during the Great Depression. Also, had a difficult time
moving up along the latter.
DUST BOWL/ CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Farmers overworking the land for profits, Removal of natural
vegetation, Scouring winds, Drought.
OKIES
As people�s lives and homes were destroyed in the Dust Bowl, they
began to move westward � to California where the agriculture was still
viable. Most of these migrants were from Oklahoma
GRAPES OF WRATH
book and movie by John Steinbeck about "okies
HERBERT HOOVER
Economic genius. President during the Great Depression He can't deal
with the emotional problems throughout the GD. He worried about
government deficit so he raised taxes by 33%. He temporarily propped
up banking with the Glass-Steagall Act. He allowed the RFC to offer
loans too cautiously in an effort meant to �prime the pump.�, He
believed private organizations and charities could take care of the
nation�s welfare needs. Most people voted against Hoover, not for Roosevelt.
RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORP (RFC)
they were too afraid to lend out enough money to make a difference.
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
The difference between the two men was charisma. FDR had the ability
to get people to listen to him and believe in him and what he was saying.
FIRESIDE CHATS
FDR held them to speak to the American people over the radio and get
their attention and confidence.
NEW DEAL
Dealt with 3 main issues: Deal w/problems that lead to the GD, 20-25%
unemployment. Provide jobs to put people to work. Actual relief.
Throwing out some money to get the back on their feet.
BANK HOLIDAY
Announces in first chat that every bank in the U.S. will close
"Bank Holiday" to investigate all the banks. If it re-opens
then bank is safe. Occurred over a period of 6-8 days BUT it was all a
placebo effect that saved the American capitalist economy in 8 days.
Increases the power of the presidency.
ALPHABET SOUP
Between 1933 and 1939 dozens of federal programs, often referred to
as the Alphabet Agencies, were created as part of the
New Deal. With FDR's focus on "relief, recovery and reform,"
the legacy of the New Deal is with us to this day.
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.: 1st program which deals with Bank
Holiday. Ensures your money is in the bank. Up to 2,500. Today, it's
up to 100,000.
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps: Work program for young men (16-22yrs)
Puts people to work protecting our national resources. Fire fighting,
building trails, etc. 250,000 will be a part of the CCC 1933-1942
WPA
Works Progress Administration: Successfully puts people to work.
Older men working in programs that improve the community.
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority, Tennessee Valley River=Resource: Since
part of the country is poor and primitive there is no electricity so
they build a series of hydroelectric dams which turned water into
electricity. Also, put people to work and increased consumerism.
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act: *1st agenda goal* Pays farmers to stop
producing to avoid surplus. Substidies paid to not produce - wheat,
corn, rice, cotton, tobacco, dairy, & hogs.
FRANCIS TOWNSEND
didn�t think the New Deal did enough for the elderly. He would lobby
for Old Age Revolving Pension and eventually, the Social Security Act
of 1935 would do basically what he wanted.
FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN
(a Canadian priest) wanted the nationalization of the banking system.
HUEY LONG
had a strong following, but he resorted to dictatorial and
unconstitutional practices to get what he wanted passed through the
Louisiana legislature. runs against Roosevelt 1936 election,
assassinated in 1935.
WAGNER ACT OF 1935
(a federal minimum wage law), the TVA and the Social Security Act
were all up on appeal to the court, so Roosevelt was worried.
SUPREME COURT PACKING
FDR developed a plan to increase the number of justices on the court
from 9 to 15, and then �pack� the court with those who favored New
Deal legislation. This plan didn�t work as well as he�d hoped.
EXPERIMENTAL POLITICS
In this political environment, Roosevelt would appoint several women
to high positions.
FRANCES PERKINS
First woman appointed to a cabinet position; appointed by FDR and
became the Secretary of Labor and received a lot of criticism
MARY MCLEOD BETHUNE
Member of the Black Cabinet. Joined The New Deal in 1935. Pushed for
New Deal programs to help African Americans.
Served in the 1920's as president of the National Association of
Colored Women.
BLACK CABINET
Gained African American supporters for the New Deal, because the
Roosevelt administration appointed a # of black people to federal
office. Advised the New Deal agencies.
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT
A tireless advocate for woman's rights, during her years in the White
Hourse she emerged as an independent public figure and the most
influential Fist Lady in the nations history. first lady appointed his
biggest advisor (personal)
INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT
Act of 1934 reversed the Dawes Act of 1887. Native Americans were
given more self-government through tribal councils and constitutions.
FEDERAL ART PROJECT
(FAP) hired painters, muralists, and sculptors to beautify government buildings.
FEDERAL MUSIC PROJECT
(FMP) sponsored orchestras that toured around the country providing
free concerts and developed music libraries for folk songs.
FEDERAL WRITER'S PROJECT
worked with writers and theater actors to develop books, scripts, and
plays, but these tended to be critical of the government and social problems.
FEDERAL THEATERS PROJECT
worked with writers and theater actors to develop books, scripts, and
plays, but these tended to be critical of the government and social problems
WELFARE STATE
Government becomes involved in our individual lives. A �help up� not
a �hand out� helping people in need
ROOSEVELT COALITION
alignment of interest groups and voting blocks used to unite the Dem.
Party from 1932-1936; consisted of the party, labor unions, minority
groups, farmers, intellectuals, and the South
TOTALITARIANISM/ FASCISM
new form of government, total control. charismatic leader elected
into power, once there become dictators.
MANCHURIA/ MANCHUKUO
In 1931, Japan occupied the portion of China called Manchuria and set
up a puppet state called Manchukuo.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
A global, supra-national organization formed following World War I
(1919) for the purpose of promoting the peaceful resolution of
disputes among member nations.
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer
Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied
Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the
Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)
ETHIOPIA
invaded by Italy, asks LoN for help but no action taken.
ADOLF HITLER
Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War
I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi
Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led
Europe into World War II. (p. 786)
NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY (NAZIS)
nationalism, let by Adolf Hitler
MEIN KAMPF
book written by Adolf Hitler.
APPEASEMENT POLICY
British policy of making concessions to Germany in the 1930s in order
to avoid war. It allowed Hitler to militarize the Sudetenland and
eventually take all of Czech.
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1935
imposed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared
that Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at
their own risk.
CASH AND CARRY/ LEND-LEASE
people from Europe could buy from us with cash but they had to come
and get the things they needed.
NON-AGGRESSION PACT
signed by Hitler and soviets that no one will get Poland. they agree
but no one says that they want Poland for themselves.
ALLIED POWERS
Sept 1939, Roosevelt, Churchill, Gaulle, and Stalin.
WINSTON CHURCHILL
Prime Minister of Great Britain; inspirational speeches during
battle; critic of appeasement; co-authored Atlantic Charter. Led
Allied power.
CHARLES DE GAULLE
French general, created a French government in exile; symbol of
French resistance to Germany
JOSEPH STALIN
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and
created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
ATLANTIC CHARTER
secret meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill.
PEARL HARBOR
Dec 7, 1941, "a day which will live in infamy!" over 2,400
casualties, attacked by Japan in Hawaii
NO-STRIKE PLEDGE
one of the concessions the labor unions made with the federal
government, agreeing to not stop production in wartime. Despite this
agreement at least 15,000 work stoppages or wildcat strikes took place
during the war.
NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD
(1918) This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and
aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an
eight-hour day. While granting some concessions to labor, it stopped
short of supporting labor's most important demand: a government
guarantee of the right to organize into unions.
WACs/ WAVES
women in the military, as secretaries, nurses, and ambulance drivers.
CODE TALKERS
Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for
sending vital messages. Hard to understand.
DOUBLE V CAMPAIGN
victory over Nazism abroad and victory over racism at home.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802
there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers
in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or
natural origin.
INTERNMENT
Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United
States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate
to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the
remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly
constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote
portions of the nation's interior.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066
gives government permission to force Japanese to leave the country
"Let them fight in Europe but not in the Pacific" Hawaii
isn't involved.
OPERATION TORCH
Nov 1942, invasion and clearing out of north Africa. (HOT)
OPERATION HUSKY
July 1943, Italian islands and southern Italy (FAT)
OPERATION AVALANCHE
Sept 1943, northern Italy to/over the Swiss Alps (SNOW)
OPERATION OVERLORD
June 1944, Northern France(Normandy) (BETTER THAN EVERYBODY)
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
Dec 1944, Paris France (POPPING A PIMPLE)
ISLAND HOPPING
Strategy of taking key islands in order to be within reach of
mainland Japan
HARRY TRUMAN
Vice president, from Missouri, and FDR didn't get along. He didn't
have his charisma & charm to work with Stalin. President after
FDR, took a hard line w/ the USSR
MANHATTAN PROJECT
was a research and development project that produced the first atomic
bombs during World War II
HIROSHIMA/ NAGASAKI
first atomic bombs thrown on these two Civilian cities in August.
Communication was destroyed so Truman assumes the do not surrender and
drops another bomb in Nagasaki. August 10, Japan surrenders
COLD WAR
battle between communism & capitalism - two opposites. The desire
to create a "balance" of world power set up a battle between
communism & capitalism. Began in Europe. Ended in 1991-dissolution
of Soviet Union. WW2 set the conditions for the Cold War
JOSEPH STALIN
leader of USSR, wanted a level of power equal to the US in order to
"balance" the world.
DIVISION OF GERMANY/ BERLIN
first divided in 4 (france, great Britain, US, & USSR) then
divided into east & west germany
GEORGE F. KENNAN
developed Truman doctrine-concept of "containment" to deal
with soviet expansionism.
CONTAINMENT POLICY
crystallized in 1947 when suspected Soviet-backed Communist
guerrillas launched a civil war against the Greek government
DOMINO THEORY
speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of
communism, then the surrounding countries would follow
MARSHALL PLAN
developed by Sec. of State George Marhsall, U.S. program to give
money and supplies to countries in western Europe to rebuild after
WWII ...we helped them rebuild and they didn't turn communist
BERLIN AIRLIFT
after the Soviet Union blockaded the city of Berlin, the United
States got supplies to the city by doing this
NATO
an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic
Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes
a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to
mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
WARSAW PACT
treaty group of the communist countries, headed by the Soviet Union
COMECON
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance established in 1949 with
bilateral agreements between the Soviet Union and eastern European
states. It was Stalin's response to the Marshall Plan
VIETNAM
August 1945, at the close of WW2, the Japanese occupiers of Vietnam
surrendered to China in the North and Britain in the South.
VIETMINH
the nationalist movement that had led the resistance against the
Japanese, seized control in the north.
DIEN BIEN PHU
battle in 1954, french controlled, then french control ended, ended
the indochina war
HO CHI MINH
Leader of the Viet Minh during the First Indochina war. leader of the
viet cong in the vietnam war. president and prime minister on north
vietnam. Communist
NGO DINH DIEM
1963 French educated, roman catholic, claimed the south after the
geneva accords. Not a communism, supported by US, harsh dictator
a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of
southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would
be elected in the upcoming elections
CHINESE CIVIL WAR
1927-1949, War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist
Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists
to retreat to Taiwan. Between KMT and CCP, and the Chinese Communist
Party were victorious over the KMT.
MAO ZEDONG
this man became the leader of the chinese communist party and
remained its leader until his death. he declared the founding of the
people's republic of china in 1949 and supported the chinese peasantry
throughout his life.
CHIANG KAI-SHEK
A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the
Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920; became the
most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist
forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after
World War II
RED CHINA
communist controlled china
KOREA
...
KIM II SUNG
communist backed by soviet union
SYNGMAN RHEE
Korean nationalist, back by the US
the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948
to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on
the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist,
and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in
resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He
died in exile in Hawaii.
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR
head of the Truman Council,
38TH PARALLEL
was first suggested as a dividing line for Korea in 1896
COLD WAR LIBERALISM
A combo of moderately liberal policies & anti-communism polices
became what historians
FAIR DEAL
sequel to New Deal, - national health insurance, aid to education,
housing programs, expansion to Social Security, higher minimum wage,
& agricultural programs.
SENETOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY
McCarthyism" a widespread campaign of domestic repression.
HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
In 1938, by a group of conservatives, to investigate Communist
influence in labor unions & New Deal agencies
COMMITTEE
...
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
ran and won with Richard Nixon, election of 1952.
MASSIVE RETALIATION
...
STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND
main instrument in american policy of massive retaliation in the
event of provocation; essentially long range fliers capable of
remaining in air for extended periods of time to fly across continents
and drop atomic weapons
ICBMs
intercontinental ballistic missiles,
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
...
COUNTERINSURGENCY
...
MOHAMMAD MOSADEGH
...
MUHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI
...
JACOBO ARBENZ GUZMAN
...
CARLOS CASTILLO ARMAS
...
JOHN F. KENNEDY
...
LYNDON B. JOHNSON
...
RICHARD NIXON
...
FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
...
FIDEL CASTRO
...
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to
overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
SPUTNIK
First artificial satellite made by the russians and launched on
October 4, 1957
NASA
...
CONSUMERISM
...
CAR CULTURE
1950's cars became symbols of status and success.
SUBURBS
americans began to leave older cities for newer ones. stimulated by
the dramatic growth of a car culture & the federal government's
support of housing & highways.
LEVITTOWN
A mass-produced suburban housing development in New York which came
to represent post-WWII suburbanization. The development consisted of
cheaply produced, identical houses which would be bought by middle
class families.
THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE
written by Betty Friedan in 1963, claimed that the idealized feminine
life portrayed as being normal created unhappy & neurotic women.
YOUTH CULTURE
first seen in the 20's, exploded in the affluent 50's. teenagers
became a distinct consumer subculture that was readily targeted by advertisers.
BEAT GENERATION
made of poets and writers, challenged cultural norms but avoided
political protest.
JACK KEROUAC
wrote "on the road" 1957, glorified spontaneity, sexual
adventures, and non-conformist spirituality
ALLEN GINSBERG
wrote "howl" 1956, spoke of destruction in society and drugs
OTHER AMERICA
city newcomers inherited a declining economy & a decaying environment
TERMINATION OF RESERVATIONS
In 1953, the federal government implemented a "termination"
program (tried to end the reservation system & forcibly integrate
Native Americans into white society by removing any special protection
of them).
SEGREGATION
institutional discrimination, public transportation
Limit people on where they can go, live, eat, be.
BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)
1954-The Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate
public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
case goes to supreme court and they win
they have to desegregate.
THURGOOD MARSHALL
lawyer who takes up the case for brown vs. board of education
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
pastor from Alabama, passive non-violent resistance. civil rights
leader. assassinated April 1968
NON-VIOLENT PROTESTS
...
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
a seminal episode in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political
and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation
on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.
ROSA PARKS
doesn't want to give up her seat gets kicked off and arrested. start
of Montgomery bus boycott
MALCOLM X
trouble maker turned islam second in command. goes on pilgrimage to
mecca, has epiphany and comes home to share that all colors can work
together, gets assassinated 1965
STOKELY CARMICHAEL
student, non-violent coordinator committee SNCC. getting Africans
registered to vote. part of black panthers. a combo between MLK and MX
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee "snick" tried to
get students to vote.
BLACK POWER/ BLACK PANTHERS
An African-American revolutionary leftist organization active in the
United States from 1966 until 1982
FREEDOM RIDES
made of college students black and white, traveling to gain awareness
for the cause. get attacked and killed. no decrease in volunteers.
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
aug 1963 march organized to make JFK do something abo.ut the civil
rights act
LULAC
starts in 1920's latino vets fight for their rights to have the same
benefits as everyone else.
UNITED FARM WORKERS
founded by cesar Chavez. union for migrant workers.
CESAR CHAVEZ
an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who,
with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association,
which later became the United Farm Workers. He was a Latine Civil
Rights activist.
CHICANO MOVEMENT
el movimiento" goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment
LA RAZA UNIDA
Hispanic political party, prominent throughout texas and southern california
PAN INDIAN ORGANIZATIONS
formed by college educated Indians began focusing on legal &
education reform
OCCUPATION OF ALCATRAZ
nove 1969, seized by a native American group called the Indians of
all tribes
BIA OCCUPATION/ TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES
1968, protestors occupied the federal office of the bureau of indian
affairs in Washington as a part of what they called "the trail of
broken treaties
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)
organized 1968, American indian advocacy group.
OCCUPATION OF WOUNDED KNEE
feb 1973, site of a massacre of Sioux in 1890, FBI killed 1 protestor
& wounded another, alienated many whites, but it spurred
government action on tribal issues.