Judiciary Act of 1789
John Jay: 1st Chief Justice Supreme
Court District Courts: 13 Circuit Courts
this law established the structure of the federal judiciary
which has remained basically intact
Bill of Rights
Ratified 12/15/1751 Need 3/4 of states for
Ratification
James
Madison: "Father of Constitution" made sure
these were added 1st Amendment:Freedom of
religion, speech, press, and assembly 2nd Amendment:Right
to Bear Arms 3rd Amendment:Quartering Troops
4th Amendment:Searches and Seizures 5th
Amendment:rights of an accused person 6th Amendment:
Right to Speedy, fair trial 7th Amendment:Civil Suits
8th Amendment:Bail and Punishment 9th Amendment:Powers
reserved to the people 10th Amendment:Power reserved in
the states
George Washington - 1st President
John Adams - 1st Vice President
Inaugurated 4/30/1789 - NYC (temp capital)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania will be new capital
1790-1800 Debate over title: Decision: Mr.
President/"President of the United States of America"
First Cabinet under Pres. Washington
Secretary State - Thomas Jefferson - Virginia
Secretary Treas. - Alexander Hamilton - NY (closest
to Wash.)
Secretary War (Defense) - Henry Knox -
Massachusetts
Attorney General - Edmund Randolph - Virginia
Alexander Hamilton
Born West Indies, St. Croix sponsored to go to
college, Columbia's most famous student Born into
wealth nationalism (poverty to success), financial
genius
Beliefs: you need to marry into wealth & model of
England Gives US first financial footing
First Report on Public Credit 1790
Hamilton
Redemption Bonds: redeem bonds that were issued
under Articles of Confederation that lost value, now have the full
backing of the New Constitution and will be paid of in FULL face
value
Assumption-State Debts: the government would
assume the debt of the states. (Would benefit the North most)
Opposed by: James Madison/Thomas Jefferson:
Unfair
Resolution: Capital moved: Potomac River,
Washington, D.C.
National Bank (Hamilton)
Based on the Bank of England 80/20
Wealthy/government controlled
Implied Powers " Article I, Sec. 8, Proper/Elastic
Clause "Necessary & Proper"
Opposed: Washington/Madison: wasn't spelled out in
Constitution Chartered 1791, 12 yrs.
Hamilton's Second Report on Public Credit
Whiskey Rebellion: Western Pennsylvania ( Pittsburgh)
Excise/Sin Tax: to deal with excessive drinking and raise
revenue Report on Manufacturers: a way to make us
industrialized Opposed: Washington uses excessive for to shut
it down, US can handle its own problems 1st challenge of
the constitution
Hamilton's Party
Federalist Wealthy/Upper-Class He had wealth
thru marriage Broad/Implied Powers: powers not explicitly
named in the Constitution Pro-Business/Industry
Pro-British National Government
Strongest-Northeast
Jefferson/Madison Party
Democratic/Republican Born into wealth "Planter
Class" Jefferson favors: Yeoman Farmers
Laissez-Faire -
HANDS OFF - no government involvement
Pro-French State government Strongest: South
& West - KY & TN
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia Gentry - Planter Class
"remain a
country of independent landowners we would be better
off" (Yeoman Farmers)
"Laissez-faire"
- didn't want the government to interfere with the economy (hands
off attitude)
Louis XVI
1789 -
French Revolution came to america's
aide for revenge French revolt due to him raising taxes on
them since US loans have not been paid
1793
France goes to war with Western Europe Offensive War:
America does not get involved
French
Moto: "Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity"
1799 -
War Ends due to Napoleon Napoleon defeated in Belgium -
Waterloo executed in the guillotine 1/1793 Wife:
Marie Antoinette executed 10/1793
Foreign Policy - Washington
Jefferson sides with France - Pro-French Hamilton
sides with England - Pro-British Washington - Neutrality -
see's ocean as a buffer for us - isolationism
Legacy of Treaty of Alliance 1778
signed at the Battle of Saratoga we would come to
England aid if she was fighting a defensive war perpetual
ally of France
Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality
4/22/1793 continue free trade with both sides, if they
stay at war it will be a boost to our economy will make
America's economy boom
Edmund Charles Genet
named: CITIZEN GENET French Prime
Minister comes to US trying to get US to do its part this
side of the Atlantic Hires American's to go after Spanish
Frontiers (FL & LA) British as best Navy, since
Armada
IMPRESSMENT: impressing the sailors from the
American merchant ships and forcing them into British Navy
10 million people will be impressed
Battle of Fallen Timbers - 1794
defeat native Americans
GENERAL "MAD" ANTHONY WAYNE
wins battle leads opening into Ohio,
Indiana keeps pushing Indians more inland
Treaty of Greenville - 1795
boundary between Native Americans territory and lands open
to European-American settlers due to the Battle
of Fallen Timbers - 1794 In the Treaty of Greenville was
that the native Americans had war against that U.S . The British
gave the Native Americans all supplies like weapons and more things,
But the U.S came out victorious after they have been fighting for
five years. The Treaty of Greenville was for the U.S to claim the
Natives Americans land.
Jays Treaty 1795
with England
John Jay sent to negotiate with British
Anthony "MAD" Wayne makes this happen on the
battlefield British evacuates Canada, NW territory forts
compensate shippers Impressment not addressed
unpopular with colonist Prevents war with England
Better for the North Jays Treaty it took care of the
problems between the U.S and Britain, because they could have led to
war. British were to pay the damages to the American ships and the
British had to abandon their forts in the northwestern territory.
This was not popular in the U.S because citizens felt like
they did not punish the British.
Thomas Pickney's Treaty 1795
with Spain
(Treaty of San Lorenzo)
Free navigation of Mississippi River through New
Orleans Right of Deposit in New Orleans -
shippers have full access to port Definite
boundary line separating US from Spanish
FL 31st parallel In the year of 1784 Spain was
in control of the port of New Orleans and they closed it to the U.S
for trade.After this the U.S was not allowed to transport
goods from Mississippi and places in the east . This Treaty reopened
the border & Washington saw it as a success
Washington's Farewell Address
carried in newspapers
establishes 2 term limit (22nd Amendment)
dies 12/1799
Motto:
"Steer Clear of European
Entanglements" Addressed:
Partisanship: opposed to political parties (will
forget about the operation of the government
Sectionalism: division of unity (North vs. South)
(civil war)
Foreign Relations: stay clear of alliances (lesson,
Treaty of Alliance with France)
Election of 1796
Federalist Ticket - John Adams/T. Pickney
Dem/Rep. Ticket - Thomas Jefferson/Burr
Adams Present Jefferson VP
XYZ Affair
Adams Admin.
Charles Pinckney, John
Marshall, Elbridge Gerry to
France to Meet with Charles Talleyrand
(Foreign Affairs Minister) he sends delegates who want $ -
Failure Adams was upset because they failed, wouldn't call
them by name. Became XYZ Affair
Slogan
"Millions for defense but not one cent for
tribute"
Quasi War 1798-1800
when XYZ fails we get into undeclared naval war with
French Adams enacts Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien & Sedition Acts (3)
#Naturalization Act - increase time to citizenship
from 5 to 14 years
Alien Act Peace/War - president can jail or deport
foreigners dangerous to our national security
##Sedition Act - could not write, publish or speak
out against government in power Federalist aimed this at
Dem/Rep. suppressing the press Response: KY
Resolution: Jefferson, VA Resolution -
anonymously to oppose the acts stating states have
right to nullify under federal law
Outcome: Nothing happens because George Logan, Dem/Rep,
Quaker
#-Partisan Polotics, ##-aimed at US citizens
George Logan
Dem/Republican
Quaker Goes to France to meet Napoleon,
opens communications after XYZ, releases us from Treaty of
Alliance, Quasi War ends Federalist are angry
the Logan Act passed
Logan Act
prohibits unauthorized american citizens from negotiating with
foreign governments Law still in effect today
George Logan, Quaker, Dem/Rep.
Election 1800
Tie Adams/Charles Pinckney v. Jefferson/Burr 73
votes
Problem with Electoral College (12th
Amendment) 1st election to go to House of Representatives -
vast their vote 36 times Hamilton decides Jefferson, he
despises Burr, to ambitious Senate to decide VP
Jefferson's Revolution: rise of the Republicans to the National
Government
Jefferson in White House
Secretary of State: James Madison Secretary of
Treasury: Albert Gallatin (Switzerland)
Judiciary Act 1801
reorganized the federal court system
legacy of Federalist as they depart try to
hold on to judicial 230 new positions, except Supreme
Court judges were selected by Adams and he set up
appointments until the last day of term for them called
"Midnight Appointments"
Adams "Lame Duck" - waiting for term to
expire, try to get foot hold Still Adams Secretary of
State: Marshall then appointed Chief Justice 4th Chief
Justice: John Marshall, appointed by Adams, holds
office 34 years, most important justice in history, responsible
equal footing for the other 2 branches of government
Marbury v. Madison 1803
Marshall is now Chief Justice & also Secretary of State
until term is over. Juggling both positions Marshall can't
get all the Midnight Appointments done so Madison will have to
continue, goes to new administration everyone who have not
received their papers are involved in this
Judicial Review
the power of the courts of congress to decided if
unconstitutional or not sacrifice the Federalist to give
greater power
West Point Academy
War with the Barbary States
North Africa-Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli (Capital of
Libia (Mediterranean Sea) promoted piracy and extortion on
European and American merchant ships
Stephen Decatur
slipped into the Tripoli Harbor and set fire to the frigate
Philadelphia, which had run a ground and captured the crew.
American's paid ransom, $60,000 for release of crew.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Louisiana Purchase 1803
doubled the territory of US, 875,000 square miles
Indian's initially occupied, then French, ceded to Spain 1763,
following Seven Year War, then Great Britain received Florida from
Spain Napoleon had this for trade in Haiti, gave access, this
region was too costly to defend, decided to sell
Robert R. Livingston
Jefferson sent to Paris as US Minister to France to negotiate
New Orleans Didn't want Spain to have control of
Mississippi River
James Monroe
sent by Jefferson to assist Livingston goal: purchase
New Orleans from France Napoleon offered the Louisiana
Territory for 15 million, we bought
Jefferson's Implied Powers & Opposition from the Federalist
Fear loss of political power
Exploration of the Territory by Merriweather Lewis and William Clark
(1804-1806)
Depart from St. Louis "Corps of
Discovery" Role of Shoshone Indian Woman -
Sacagawea
Expedition claims Oregon Territory
Great Britian also has claim between 54-40' and 42
parallels
Zebulon Pike
comments foster the belief that the Great Plains is the "Great American
Desert"
Election of 1804
12th Amendment
seperates ballots for president and vice-president
corrects problem with Jefferson (162 votes) v. Charles Pinckney
(14 votes)
Aaron Burr
Northern Confederacy"
Timothy Pickering and the Essex Junto (promoters of
secession) North Eastern Duel with Alexander Hamilton in
Weehawken, New Jersey 7/11/1804, Hamilton dies
"Southern Confederacy"
General James Wilkinson (appointed Governor of the LA
Territory) Bur's Treason Trial Role of John Marshall
and Jefferson
John Randolph and the Quids
Republican faction opposed to Jefferson (feels he is betraying
party principles) Jefferson attempted purchase of Florida
and Georgia's Yazoo Territory
Jefferson and Foreign Policy
Impact of the Napoleonic Wars Impact of the War in
Europe on American Trade "Broken Villages"
(Re-exports) England declared re-exports illegal in Essex Decision
of 1805 British Rule of 1756 - trade levels must remain the
same during wartime that existed during peace time between neutral
nations and England's belligerent British Orders in Council
v. Berlin and Milan Decrees (Napoleon Continental System)
Impressment Issue
Chesapeake - Leopard Affair of 1807- Outraged American's want
war against the British, Jefferson opted for economic warfare under
Peaceable Coercion
American Trade Regulations
enacted under "Peaceable Coercion" Embargo
Act would promote manufacturing in the Northeast (Jefferson's vision
of America, but Hamiltons)
Peaceable Coercion
Embargo Act of 1807
prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign
ports
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those
bound for British or French ports
Macon's Bill No. 2 of 1810
lifted all embargoes with Britain and France (for three
months) if either one of the two countries ceased attacks upon
American shipping, the United States would end trade with the other,
unless that other country agreed to recognize the rights of the
neutral American ships as well France takes the deal
The coming War of 1812
"Mr. Madison's War
War Hawks
Southern and Western Congressman advocating was against
England for territory
Leader of the War Hawks Henry Clay of Kentucky -
Speaker of the House of Representatives
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - Chair, House
Foreign Relations Committee from Britian they want land
from Canada, from Spain we want Florida and Texas Richard
M. Johnson of Kentucky - Future VP under Van Buren - Claims to have
killed Tecumseh
Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa
Tecumseh
Military Alliance
Tenskwatawa
Tecumseh brother "Prophet"
Indian Unity to them to reject alcohol and go back to
tribal dress
Battle of Tippecanoe - 11/7/1811
Prophet vs. William Henry Harrison Tecumseh's
Dream killed
Battle of Thames - 10/5/1813
Tecumseh vs. Richard M. Johnson Death of
Tecumseh
Battle of Horseshoe Bend 3/27/1814
Alabama Jackson's victory over creek's breaks Indians
of the South Like Harrison's victory at Tippecanoe,
destroyed Indian's of the North
James Madison War
War of 1812
Causes: Quest for Canada Negative leader -
General William Hull Positive leader - Oliver Hazard
Perry
Burning of the Nation's Capital
US forces burned the city of York (Toronto) -
4/1813 Francis Scott Key "The Star-Spangled
Banner" Adopted National Anthem 1931 Inspired
by US Defense of Ft. McHenry near Baltimore, MD
Treaty of Ghent
12/24/1814 Gallatin J.Q. Adams
Clay "Status Quo Antebellum"
Everything reverted back to prewar conditions, only the fighting
ended, problems settled later
Battle of New Orleans
1/8/1815 Andrew Jackson - Major National Hero
Hartford Convention
Federalist 12/15-01/5/1815 Proposed
Amendments to limit Republican influence 2/3 vote to add
states 2/3 add eliminate
Death of the Federalist Party
reason: Lack of support for the "Second War of
Independence" highlighted by the Hartford
Convention
Election Update - Election of 1820
...
After Second War of Independence
Wave of nationalism sweeps the country Madison calls
for stronger military (standing army and strong navy)
Second Bank of the US chartered 1816 First protective
tariff goes into effect 1816 (Calhoun supports, southerner's
hate) Internal Improvements: First Federally Funded
Project - National Road (Cumberland Road) First Major State
Funded Project - Erie Canal - New York Gov. DeWitt
Clinton
American System
Henry Clay revival of Hamilton's agenda for
nation National Bank Protected Tariff's
Internal Improvements
Era of Good Feeling's
James Monroe Political Harmony, their is only one
phrase coined by Boston newspaper during his goodwill tour of
the New England region Stellar Republican Cabinet:
Adams - Sec. of State Calhoun - Sec. of War
(Defense) Crawford - Sec. of Treasury
James Monroe/John Quincy Adams (sec. of state)
Foreign Policy
Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817:
reduce military in Great Lakes Region
Convention of 1818:
Joint Occupation of Oregon Territory 49th
Parallel established as Northern boundary of Louisiana
Territory Access to the fisheries off the Grand Banks
(Newfoundland)
Adams-Onis 1819 / Transcontinental Treaty 1821
General Andrew Jackson (Calhoun) Acquistion of
Florida Relinquish of Texas
The Monroe Doctrine
(geared at Spain)
geared towards Spain Architect of the doctrine - John
Quincy Adams (Sec. of State)
Four Major Points
American is closed to future colonization "No
Vacancies" New formed nations are protected any act will
be attacking America "Big Brother" Not interfere
with Europe unless our interest was at stake
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Attack on State's Rights - tax on State rights
1819 - Dartmouth
College v. Woodward
Daniel Webster Ruling - States cannot impair
private contracts
1819 - McCulloch
v. Maryland
Ruling - States cannot tax federal agencies
Panic of 1819
Role of the Second Bank of the United States
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay ("Great Compromiser")
Speaker of the House Resolves crisis
Compromise Line
36-30' Parallel 1820 ME - Free State 1821
MO - Slave State
Factionalism due to Sectionalism
Republican Party Stands Alone, but Divided
Democratic-Republican causes division South - Cotton
Cultivation (Eli Whitney's
cotton gin) North -
Industrialization (Embargo Act & War of 1812)
West -
Expansionism (Indian resistance ended war of 1812 &
Louisiana Purchase Territory
Democracy in the Antebellum Period
people realize they have a role to play in government
more elected offices institution of the written
ballot reduced property requirement US Senators -
still elected by State Legislatures until 1913 17th
Amendment Electoral College will remain intact, still intact
today
End of Virginia Dynasty
Jefferson Madison Monroe each with
two full terms, stepping stone position for each Secretary of
State
Election of 1824
Adams Vision for the united states Internal
Improvements: Martin Van Buren and the Erie Canal
Panama Congress of 1826
Calhoun pens the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Calhoun asserts the right of a state to nullify an act of
Congress that it found unconstitutional
Rise of Andrew Jackson
Old Hickory
Election of 1828
Democracy v Aristocracy
Split the Demo./Rep.
Party National Republican v. Democratic One of the
dirtiest campaigns in history Adams: Pimping for the
Russian Tsar and gambling " Corrupt Bargain"
Jackson: Rachel, Jackson's beloved wife and violent nature
Andrew Jackson's Office
Jacksonian Democracy The Age of the Common Man
"Spoils System:
"Kitchen Cabinet" - unofficial group of intimate
advisers of Jackson (VP Calhoun v. Sec. of State Martin Van
Buren) a house divided situation in the administration
Jackson and the Native Americans
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Black Hawk War: Sauk and Fox
Five Civilized Tribes 1. Chickasaws
2. Choctaws
3. Creeks
a constitution adopted in 1827 modeled after US
constitution Newspaper - Cherokee Phoenix Created
the alphabet, Sequoyah/George Guess 4. Cherokees (most
civilized) 5. Seminoles Osceola and Seminoles of
Florida put up a strong military struggle
Cherokees and the Supreme Court under Marshall
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - 1831
"Domestic Dependent Nation"
Worcester v. Georgia
"A distinct political community" the right
to remain on their land squatter rights Jackson
refuses to enforce
Cherokee and the Trail of Tears
a a a
Peggy O'Neal Eaton Affair
1st sex scandal in Washington, DC Calhoun pitted
against Jackson and Van Buren
Jackson v. Calhoun
Nullification Controversy Calhoun's South Carolina
Exposition and Protest 1828 Opposition to the Tariff of
Abominations
Webster - Hayne Debate
begins over the "Foot Resolution" ban on the
sale of western land Webster "Liberty and Union,
now and forever, one and inseparable"
Jackson & Calhoun
Issues
Jefferson Day Dinner Report Exposes Calhoun about
Florida
Tariff's of 1828 & 1832
Declared Null and Void by South Carolina Jackson
pushes through: Force Bill:
Henry Clay and the Tariff of 1833 (Compromise Tariff)
a a
Jackson's War on the Second Bank of US
Nicolas Biddle: President of 2nd Bank Role of Clay and
Webster to recharter bank
Jackson's Veto of 1832
Become issue in 1832 Campaign
Taney appointed Sec. of Treasury to remove funds from National
Bank branches to "Pet Banks" - state banks
Specie Circular 1836 only gold and silver accepted
for land sales
Election of 1832
Jackson - Democrat Henry Clay - National
Republican William Writ - 1st Third Party - Anti-Masonic
Formation of the Whig Party in Jackson's 2nd term
Led by Henry Clay Anti-Jackson Party oppose
King Andrew
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren v. Whig Candidates Martin Van Buren
in Office Panic of 1837 Van Buren's Independent
Treasury
Election of 1840
Van Buren v. Harrison "Log Cabin and Hard
Cider" Campaign (80% voter turn out) Whig Slogan -
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" John Tyler - former
Democrat from Virginia Whig party used the Jacksonian
Formula focus on the War Hero and Man of the People