britain�s festive culture
games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of
people in british society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or
simply celebrating life
folk games
games played in british culture around celebrations and drinking
violent games
games that resulted in broken body parts and even death (blood sports)
football, pageant of misrule, wrestling
royal sports
jousting, tennis
sports of the upper class
pageant of misrule
one bachelor was elected the lord, and would mock married men, older
men, upper class men, and the monarch
way of mocking everyone before someone chose who he would marry
oliver cromwell
leader of the parliamentary forces during the british civil war
ruler of great britain after the civil war when there was no monarch
puritans
wanted to purify the church and the sabbath, meaning no games be
played on that day
�book of sports�
written by king james in 1618 as a declaration of what sports were
and weren�t allowed to be played on the sabbath
book came in response to the growing influence of the puritans
4 folkways
new england
southern colonies
middle colonies
back country
sabbatarian laws
laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the sabbath
lawful sport
activities allowed by puritan society which were designed to refresh
the mind and body of the participant while being completely
disassociated from britain's festive culture
quakers
shook members when they received the inner light
refused to pay taxes and to fight for england
southern gentry
relatively small group of landowners in virginia who owned most of
the land and became the cultural elite of the colony
tavern pastimes
place where men gathered to seek shelter, enjoy each other's company,
and drink
republicanism
belief during the american revolution that everything done by the
colonists should be separate from europe
people here would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no
part in this society
rough and tumble
popular violent sport with no rules and was out to prove one's manhood
ultimate goal was to gouge out the eyes of one's opponent
kolven
game came from dutch in the new york colony
closely resembles modern day golf
quarter horses
new breed of horses that were smaller than british thoroughbreds with
larger hindquarters
race shorter distances
toli
game of stickball played by native americans
closely resembles lacrosse
needful recreation
activities deemed appropriate in pennsylvania
allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise or providing food
primogenitrue
british culture tradition of the firstborn son inheriting the family fortune
enlightenment
movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of
science and reason
1st great awakening
revivalist (back to the bible) movement that began in the 1730s that
emphasized a closer relationship with God
2nd great awakening
religious revival movement of the 18th century that was more
widespread and longer lasting than the movement of the previous century
middle class victorianism
named for the longest serving monarch in british history
time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality
between classes of the western industrialized world (protestantism,
self-restraint, and hard work)
separate spheres
part of the victorian middle class that was a separation of sexes
rational recreation
recreation deemed appropriate by the victorian middle classes
reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments
muscular christianity
second half of the 19th century movement that stressed a balance of
physical and spiritual exercise
Thomas Wentworth higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement
victorian counterculture
mainly working class men from the new industrial economy who were no
longer taking pride in their work
immigrants and upper class
rebelling against the middle class and played competitive sports
sporting fraternity
subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were
interested in a specific sport for one to find a surrogate brotherhood
sporting spectacles
games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and best competitors
john cox stevens
heir to a steamboat fortune
used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events involving
horses, yachts, and people
race of the century
considered by many the first major sporting event that received
national attention and promotion in newspapers
northern horse (eclipse) vs. southern horse (sir henry) in a
sectional battle at union race track on long island
walking city
first of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge
of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city
elysian fields
portion of the john cox stevens property in Hoboken, new jersey
donated for use as cricket fields and the new york yacht club
leonard jerome
brought horse racing back in the 19th century
positive sports ideology
idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more
negative aspects of city life
one old cat
next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base
barn ball
an early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off
the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick
town ball
once three more bases were added the game was first called four old cat
closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived
from towns fielding teams to play game
baseball fraternity
biggest of all the sporting fraternities
mills commission
committee that decided abner doubleday was the inventor of baseball
based on the testimony of one man
william hulber
president of the chicago white stockings who formed the national
league in 1876
beer and whiskey league
american association
rival to the national league
served alcohol at games
albert spalding
former pitcher of the chicago white stockings
sporting goods magnate
alexander joy cartwright
bank clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the
knickerbocker baseball club and devised the first game rules
knickerbockers
recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club
reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect
of the club than the competitiveness of the game
henry chadwick
former british cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and
became a sportswriter for the new york clipper writing about the game
credited with inventing the batting average and box score and
eventually became known as �father baseball�
cincinnati red stockings
first all salary team in baseball
harry wright
former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the
best of the early players
player-manager of the cincinnati red stockings
national league
8 teams and made sure none of the teams involved were owned by players
cities in the league had to have a population of 75,000
cap anson
earliest superstar players in baseball
22 season for the white sox
�king� kelly
colorful player who started his career in chicago, but was famously
sold in boston for $10,000 in 1887
reserve clause
allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers
left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and
controlling their futures
john montgomery ward
formed the brotherhood of professional baseball players to protect
their rights
moses fleetwood walker
last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color
barrier set in during the late 1880s
caledonian clubs
roman name for scotland and clubs revolved around racing and track
and field
sprang up in america in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were
responsible for setting up races all over the country
original knickerbocker rules
similarities: length between bases, strikes, and outs
differences: how you pitch the ball, 21 runs to win
james gordon bennett
first generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the new york herald newspaper
�collegiate way�
belief that students would learn better in supervised environments
far away for the city and evil temptations
college crew
aka rowing
one of the earliest college sports
paper chases
called �hare and hound� races in england
cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses
playground movement
designed to keep children out of trouble it began in chicago in 1903
and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds
from 41-504 in a little more than a decade
ymca: young men�s christian association
founded in england in 1851 focusing on the christian part, but by the
end of the 19th century it had become synonymous with
exercise and sports
luther halsey gulick
instructor at the YMCA�s headquarters in springfield, massachusetts,
and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning
public schools athletic league
organized in new york city by luther gulick in the early
20th century to put on competitions between schools and
also to keep youth out of trouble after school