July Crisis
When?
What?
Sig?
Summer 1914
Following assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to
Austria-Hungary, killed by those who wanted the area to be ruled by
the Kingdom of Serbia), the situation lead to Austria-Hungary issuing
an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia
Austria-Hungary and Serbia both prepared for alliances that set up
the powers for WWI; Serbia rejected the ultimatum, leading to WWI
Alice Paul
When?
What?
Sig?
1910's
American suffragist, feminist, and women�s rights activist; main
leader and strategist for the campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment
Contributed to the ratification of the 19th Amendment,
which granted American women the right to vote
Trench Warfare
When?
What?
Sig?
WWI (1914-1918)
Opposing troops fought from trenches facing each other;
characterized fighting style of western front in WWI
Stemmed from advances in gunpowder, but not in military
mobility/new military tactics to fit new technology
19th Amendment
When?
What?
Sig?
1920
Granted women the right to vote; women�s suffrage
Women�s political freedoms were expanding; women could now
participate in the American political process
14 Points
When?
What?
Sig?
Presented to Congress 1918 by Wilson
Wilson�s proposal of guidelines for world peace, including open
communication and freedom of the seas (which was opposed by British);
Wilson saw end of WWI as a chance for U.S. to reshape the world to
model the U.S.
Contributed to League of Nations and the idea of large-scale
international cooperative government
Zimmerman Telegram
When?
What?
Sig?
1917
Telegram sent from Germany to Germany�s ambassador to Mexico
proposing a military alliance with Mexico should the U.S. declare war
on Germany
Enraged U.S. and added to public�s support of U.S. declaring war on Germany
League of Nations
When?
What?
Sig?
Formed 1920
Formed to ensure international cooperation using diplomacy to
resolve conflict; congress disliked b/c it gave Congress�s power and
Wilson would have too much power; U.S. did not join; had power to
impose military and economic sanctions on belligerent members
First attempt at international cooperation; Wilson traveled U.S. to
gain people�s support for LoN despite Congress shooting it down,
leading to his stroke
Treaty of Versailles
When?
What?
Sig?
Signed 1919
Ended WWI; Wilson disagreed with punishing Germany, but Britain and
France demanded reparations, resulting in Germany owing reparations;
U.S. did not sign
Wilson introduced League of Nations; Germany is too heavily
punished, leading to rise of Hitler and Nazism
Mexican Revolution
When?
What?
Sig?
1910-1920
Pres. Porfirio Diaz didn�t resolve succession, causing political
tension in elites; Madero revolts and takes over as provisional pres.;
multiple factions were opposed to and fought Diaz regime (the
Constitutionalists, who won militarily, and Peasant faction)
U.S.-Mexico relations became tense; death of some Americans,
leading to violence along the border; U.S. pulls back but
relationship becomes even worse
Great Migration
When?
What?
Sig?
1917
Northern U.S. had industrial need for workers (the �pull� factor);
African Americans in the southern U.S. experience increased racism and
violence (the �push�)
1.6 million African Americans migrated from South to North
Election of 1920
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
Wilson (was president 1912-1920); Warren G. Harding and Calvin
Coolidge (Rep.); James Cox (Dem.)
Teddy Roosevelt was Rep., but split to form his own party that was
only pro-business; Rep. looked for someone electable and pro-business;
Harding had Congressional experience and seemed appealing to voters,
but had many flaws (drank, smoked, orgies, mistress who was German
spy); Coolidge for VP ended police force strike and was very
competent; Cox ran on progressivism and Treaty of Versailles; Harding
and Coolidge won
1920
American people were done with Progressivism after Wilson.
Crash of 1929
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
U.S.
Stock market crashed; didn�t explicitly cause Great Depression, but
was a huge factor that contributed to it
1929
People were buying on margin; the accumulation of buying on credit
and loans during the �Roaring 20�s� contributed to unstable foundation
of stock market success
Civilian Conservation Corps
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
FDR; unskilled men 17-23 years old
Government �civilian army�; works had 6-month contracts for up to 2
years; mostly unskilled, muscle labors (dug ditches, moved trees) and
worked in national parks; made $30/month, $25 to families and workers
kept $5; employed about 2.5 million; lead to Peace Corps and Job Corps
1933-1942 (ended b/c WWII)
FDR wanted people to work to earn money
Works Progress Administration
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
FDR; skilled, unemployed people (builders, carpenters, historians,
artists, etc.)
Largest New Deal program, 10% of GDP; hired skilled unemployed
people to build roads, buildings, art, etc.; over 3 million employed;
employed historians to interview last generation of former slaves
1935
FDR wanted people to work so money could circulate and economy
could pick back up
Operation Barbarossa
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
Nazi�s, Soviet�s
Nazi�s broke non-aggression pact, invaded Soviet territory; very
successful at first, gave Germany strong hold on Soviet territory;
soon winter hit and Nazi troops stuck without supplies, was then put
in defensive position
1941
Hitler, inspired by Bolshevic Revolution, hoped that the people
would revolt against the Soviet government if Germany gave them enough pressure
December 7-8 Attacks
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
Japan, U.S., Britain
Japan launched attack on U.S. (Pearl Harbor, Wake Island, Guam,
Philippines); brought U.S. into WWII
Dec. 7-8, 1941
Japan�s reasoning was that in anticipation of U.S. entering the
war, Japan would strike first to level U.S.�s superior navy; seemed
successful initially
Stalingrad
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
Germany, Soviets
Hitler wanted to take this city after he took Caucasus Peninsula;
Nazi generals said to just surround it; Hitler wanted to invade it;
bombed it, sent in troops; Nazi�s retreated out of Stalingrad by Feb.
1943; Soviets lost about 5 times more people than Nazi�s; about 2
million died
Aug. 1942
Some say b/c the city was named after Stalin and Hitler wanted to
destroy Stalin
Yalta Conference
Who?
What?
When?
Why?
U.S. (FDR), Britain (Churchill), Soviet (Stalin), and France
Divided up Germany and German territories into zones where an Ally
nation would oversee the election and constitution; set up basis for
the Cold War as Soviet influenced zones (east Europe) would lean
towards communism and U.S. and British zones would lean towards capitalism
Feb. 1945
Needed to figure out what to do when Germany loses