Salon des Refuses
French for "exhibition of rejects" (French pronunciation:
?[sal?? de ??fyze]), is generally an exhibition of works rejected by
the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously
used to refer to the Salon des Refus�s of 1863.
avant-garde
new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the
people introducing them.
Barbizon School
of painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art,
which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time.
Expressionism
was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting,
originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its
typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective
perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to
evoke moods or ideas.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
he was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention
of the daguerreotype process of photography
Julia Margaret Cameron
She was a British photographer. She became known for her portraits of
celebrities of the time, and for photographs with Arthurian and other
legendary or heroic themes
Sublime
it is the quality of greatness, whether physical, moral,
intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual, or artistic. The
term especially refers to a greatness beyond all possibility of
calculation, measurement, or imitation.
Juste Milieu
art movement, meaning 'happy middle,' is a term to describe a
painting philosophy which sought to make amends between the two
dominant art movements in France at the time; namely the Impressionist
movement and the artists who continued with the Academic Style. Trying
to combine the best aspects of the two art forms. The key artists of
this group were able to mix with the Impressionists for exhibitions,
but also those who continued with 'academism'.
Orientalism
it is a term used by scholars in art history, literary, geography,
and cultural studies for the depiction of Eastern, that is
"Oriental" cultures, including Middle Eastern, South Asian,
African and East Asian cultures, done by writers, designers, and
artists from the West.
plein-air
it is a phrase borrowed from the French equivalent meaning "open
(in full) air".
Impressionism
it is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of
Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to
prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.
Hudson River School
it was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group
of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.
Haussmannization
renovation of the city of Paris from narrow streets to wide
boulevards. Modernized the city. New emphasis on modern identity and
modern art. Introduced Japanese art that had flat expanses of color
and floral patterns. Introduced photography and aerial perspectives.
Art Nouveau
a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in
western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and
characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on
natural forms
Positivism
Similar to Realism, idea that one must insist on verifiable facts and
not on wishful thinking.
Symbolism
was an art movement in response to Realism and Impressionism. Poets,
musicians, artists, and writers all used Symbolism to express meaning
in an indirect manner. Symbolist painters wanted their pictures to
depict a meaning beyond just the figures they drew.
Daguerreotype
an early photographic process named for Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre.
A daguerreotype was a positive print made on a light-sensitized copper plate.
Post-Impressionism
reaction to impressionism, instead of creating quick images, artists
of this group were defined by their wanting to create art that seemed
more permanent.
Heliograph
a signaling device by which sunlight is reflected in flashes from a
movable mirror.
Divisionism/pointillism
it was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined
by the separation of colors into individual dots or patches which
interacted optically.
Realism
it is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without
artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic
and supernatural elements.
Odalisque
a female slave or concubine in a harem, especially one in the
seraglio of the sultan of Turkey.
Neo-Impressionism
it refers to a pictorial technique where color pigments are no longer
mixed either on the palette or directly on canvas, but instead placed
as small dots side by side.
Synthetism
method of painting that emphasizes two-dimensional flat patterns,
thus breaking with Impressionist art and theory. This style shows a
conscious effort to work less directly from nature and to rely more
upon memory.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
he was a French inventor, now usually credited as the inventor of
photography and a pioneer in that field.
industrial revolution
was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from
about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Albumen print
also called albumen silver print, was published in January 1847 by
Louis D�sir� Blanquart-Evrard, and was the first commercially
exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base
from a negative.