Advantages of restricted cervical injection
-amt of solution entering the face can be controlled
-Larve volumes can be injected to the trunk without overinjecting the head and face
-Two solution strengths can be used
-different pressures can be used
-instant tissue fixation
-juandice bodies
Advantages of Using Carotids for Restricted Cervical
-Arteriosclerosis is rarely seen in carotids
-have no branches
-clots can be removed
-allow direct injection to the head
-accompanied by the jugular
Contents of Drainage
-blood
-blood clots
-intertestinal fluids
-lymphatic fluid
-solution
Postmortem Coagula
not actual clots, blood inclusions that have congealed and stuck together, can be LARGE and DARK
Postmortem clots
multicolored
bottom portion is dark, formed by RBC's
clear layer on top of FIBRIN
Antermortem CLots
thrombosis, form in layers,
layer of platelets followed by layer of fibrin,
True
As long as the solution is distributing and there is no swelling or discolorations, drainage is not a concern.
Purpose of Drainage
1) To make room for arterial Solution
2)To reduce a secondary dilution of the fluid
3)To remove intravascular blood discolorations
4)To remove a tissue that rapidly decomposes
5)To remove an element that speeds Decomp.
6) To remove bacteria
7)To prevent d
Primary purpose of drainage
makes room for the arterial solution
Center of Drainage
right atrium
True
Any vein can be used for drainage
True
a broken vein can still be used as a drainage site
Most valuable drainage point
Internal Jugular
Advantages of the Drain Tube
1)keeps veins expanded
2) stirring rod helps to fragment coagula
3) Drainage can be shut off to build intravascular pressure
4)Closed drainage technique can be used
Disadvantages of the drain tube
-size of the opening is limited to the diameter of the tube
-tube can block the opposite portion of the vein
-coagula cannot be grasped
-tube may mark the face
-can easily be pushed through the vein into a body cavity
Advantages of Angular Forceps
-makes a large opening
-head can be positioned to the right
-no facial marks
-coagulants can be grasped
-does not block other veins
Disadvantages of Angular Forceps
-May need to be removed for intermittent drainage, -Drainage may splatter, Embalmers contact with drainage is increased.
Methods of Drainage
Alternate
Concurrent
Intermittent
Alternate Drainage
The arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken
Concurrent Drainage
occurs continuously during vascular injection
Intermittent Drainage
Restricted Drainage; method of drainage in which the drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues
Techniuqes to improve Drainage
-select a large vein
-select a large drainage instrument
-pre injection fluid
-removal of extravascular pressure
Closed Drainage System
system of tubing and other apparatus attached to the body to remove fluid from an airtight circuit that prevents environmental contaminants from entering
True
Embalming analysis continues throughout embalming process
Embalming Processes
1. Injection
2. Distribution
3. Diffusion
4. Drainage
Criteria For Artery Selection
1.Diameter
2.Drainage from vein
3.Depth
4.Flexibility
5.Effect on posing body
6. Incision location
7.Proximity to arch of aorta
Criteria For Vein Selection
1. Diameter
2.Proximity to right atrium
3.Discolorations
4.Ease to raise
5.Depth
Shell Embalming
Embalming in which only the skin and the superficial portions of the body and not the deeper tissues receive solution
Six point INjection Drainage
Can all go through jugular, or each accompanying vein
Instant Tissue Fixation
- injection of a small amount of very strong arterial solution into a specific area of the body (such as the head) at a very high pressure
- an attempt to immediately firm, dry & preserve, specific areas of the body
-pressure = 20lb>
Arterial Embalming AKA
Capillary embalming
Fluid diffusion
The movement of the arterial solution through the capillaries into the intercellular spaces, from an intravascular to an extravascular position.
Retained Arterial Solution
embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells
Arterial(Vascular) Embalming
the injection of a arterial solution, under pressure, into the blood vascular system to accomplish TEMPORARY PRESERVATION, SANITATION, AND RESTORATION.
intravascular resistance
resistance within the blood vessels
The lumen can be obstructed by
-blood, antermortem emboli, antemortem thrombi, and postmortem coagula and thrombi
Extravascular Resistance
Rigor Mortis
Gas
Expansion of Hollow Viscera
Tumors/ Lymph Nodes
Ascites
Contact Pressure
Visceral Weight
Bandages
Skeletal Edema
Inflammation
Injection Pressure
the amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome initial resistance within (intravascular) or on (extravascular) the vascular system (arterial or venous)
Rate of Flow
The amount of embalming solution that enters the body in a given period and is measured in ounces per minute
In the use of a centrifugal pump injector
it is recommended that the pressure be set with the rate of flow valve closed
Potential Pressure
pressure set with the rate of flow valve closed
Actual Pressure
reading on pressure gauge on centrifugal pump when the rate of flow valve is open and arterial solution is entering the body.
Differential Pressure
The difference between potential and actual pressure.
Factors the must be Determined by the Embalming Analysis
1. Method of mouth closure
2.Vessels for INJ/DRAIN
3.Strength of solution
4.Volume of solution
5.Pressure
6. rate of flow
ideal pressure
The pressure needed to overcome the vascular resistances of the body to distribute the embalming solution to all body areas.
Ideal rate of flow
rate of flow needed to achieve uniform
distribution of the embalming solution without distension of the tissues.
Center of Arterial Distribution
arch of aorta
Arch of aorta
is a continuation of the ascending aorta, which begins at the left ventricle.
Signs of Arterial Solution Distribution
1. FLuid dye
2.Distension of superficial vessels
3.Blood drainage
4.Clearing of intravascular blood discolorations
Signs of Arterial Solution Diffusion
1. dye in the tissues
2. firming of the tissues
3. loss of elasticity (beginning firmness)
4. drying of the tissues
5. rounding of fingertips, lips, and toes
6. mottling of the tissues (bleaching)
7. fluorescent dye observed using "black light
Most reliable sign of arterial distribution/diffusion
presence of an active fluid dye in the tissues
Fluorescent Dye
coinjection arterial chemical that contains a fluorescent dye that cannot be seen without the use of a "black light".
Fluid diffusion
The passage of some elements of the injected embalming solution from within the capillary (intravascular) to the tissue spaces (extravascular)
squamos epithelium
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
Methods of Diffusion
1. Pressure Filtration
2.Osmosis
3.Dialysis
Pressure Filtration
positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming fluid through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids; causing passage of embalming fluid from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Colloidal Dispersion
fluid inside the cells of the body
True
There is no one positive test for determining if a body area has sufficent arterial solution
Facial tissues
massage the neck where the common carotid arteries are
Arms
lower them to the sides and massage
Fingers
massage radial and ulnar arteries, the n. massage teh sides of the fingers
Legs
Massage areas over femoral arteries, flex legs, turn foot inward.
True
A preservative solution must enter a body region or area before it can reach a specific location
Active Transport
nutrients pass into the cell, through the cell membrane, and wastes are removed from the cell.
Goal of arterial Embalming
To retain as. much preservative within the body as possible without visible distention of the tissues and throroughly preserving and sanitizing the body.
Purpose of Drainage
-diminish secondary solution
-remove intravascular blood discoloration
-prevent distension
-permits disinfection
-slows decomp
Signs of Diffusion
Loss of skin elasticity
Firming of the deep tissues
Drying of the tissues
Mottling and bleaching of the tissues
tissue fixation
Crystalloids
very small solutes that diffuse through a semipermeable membrane
Colloids
large solutes
Dialysis
diffusion of crystalloids across a semipermeable membrane that is impermeable to colloids.
-PROCESS OF SEPERATING CRYSTALLOIDS FROM COLLOIDS BY THE DIFFERENCE IN THEIR RATES OF DIFFUSION.
Arterial Solution Leaves the Capillary
1)Osmosis
2)Filtration
3)Dialysis
Solution spreads through tissue spaces
1)diffusion
2)Filtration Gravitation
Solution moves into the Cell
1)Osmosis
2)Absorption
3)Dialysis
colloidal dispersion
A solvent containing particles that are too large to go into solution, but not large enough to precipitate out
Colloidal Dispersions in cells adsorb molecules from the surrounding interstitial tissue fluids.
TRUE
Gravity Filtration
extravascular settling of embalming solution by gravitational force into dependent areas of the body
Cavity Embalming Treats
1)Contents of hollow viscera
2)walls of visceral organs
3)contents of spaces between the organs and walls of cavities
Sources of Purge
Stomach
Lungs
Brian
Foramina
a passage or opening; a hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
It is not necessary to aspirate the brian of an adults who suffered from hydrocephalus.
TRUE
Hydroaspirator
cold water
-vacuum breaker
Instruments to create a vaccuum
1)Hydroaspirator
2) Electric Aspirator
3) Hand pump
4)Air Pressure Machine
Instruments used in Aspiration
-trocar
-tubing
-nasal tube aspirator
-autopsy aspirator
Infant trocar
12 inches long, 1/4in in diameter
Tubing
6-8 ft
3/8 -1/2 inch diameter
Right Hypochondriac region (RH)
-part of the liver
-part of right kidney
-greater omentum
-coils of small intestine
-gallbladder
Right Lumbar (RL)
-lower portion of liver
-ascending colon
-part of right kidney
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
-right coloc(hepatic) flexure
Right Iliac Region RI
cecum, appendix
-part of ascending colon
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
Epigastric region E
-stomach
-portion of liver
-duodenum
-pancreas
-suprarenal glads
-greater omentum
Umbilical U
-transverse colon
-part of body kidneys
-part of duodenum
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
-bifurcation of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
Hypogastric H
-bladder
-uterus during pregnancy
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
left hypochondriac region LH
-part of liver
-Stomach
-fundus
-spleen
-tail of pancreas
-left colic splenic flexure
-part of left kidney
-greater omentum
Left Lumbar LL
-part of left kidney
-descending colon
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
Left Iliac LI
-part of descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-coils of small intestine
-greater omentum
Trocar Guides
reach stomach, cecum,urinary bladder, and. the heart.
Any surgical drainage openings should be closed by suture or trocar button PRIOR to aspiration
TRUE
Bridge Suture
a temporary suture consisting of individually cut and tied stitches employed to sustain the proper position of tissues
-ALIGN TISSUES INTO POSITION PRIOT TO, DURING, OR AFTER EMBALMING. TEMPORARY
Baseball Suture
most secure and most common
-airtight
-injection site
-autopsy
-long surgical
-long bone donor incisions
single intradermal (hidden) suture
one needle and one thread
-used on exposed areas of the body and directed through subcutaneous tissue only.
Double Intradermal Suture
Subcutaneous stitch which requires using a suturing needle on each end of the ligature with the suturing needles being crossed from side to side on each stitch.
-
Inversion (Worm) Suture
Suture is not visible and may be waxed as needed. It is an excellant suture for forclosing a carotid incision or closing the scalp on the cranial autopsy.
-GATHER IN AND TURN UNDER EXCESS TISSUES
Interlocking (Lock) Suture
Creates a tight, leakproof closure. A disadvantage is an unsightly ridge that appears on the surface of the incision.
Continuous (Whip) Suture
-used to close long incisions
-organ transplant retrieval teams
-autopsy technician
-PEOPLE WHO DIED IN SURGERY
Terminal Disinfection
Institution of disinfection and decontamination measures after the preparation of the remains.
Muscular Suture
insert needle at point where upper lip joins maxilla under left nostril, pass needle through septum. insert needle into base of right nostril & push into area where skin of upper lip joins maxilla. insert needle on right side of mandible at point where lo
Dental Tie
-must have natural teeth
-floss tied around base of one upper/lower tooth
-two strings tied together
-INCISORS
Invasive devices
may be treated before/during/after embalming
Pacemaker
can be removed before/after embalming
Surgical Incisions
baseball sutured
Abdominal Feeding tubes
removed before/after EMB
Purse string/Trocar button
Surgical Drains
-remove before/after emb
-PURSE STRING/TRocar button
-PRIOR TO CAVITY EMBALMING
Catheters
remain in. place until embalming completed
-dont mess with circulation
-remove after Arterial and Cavity
Trach Tubes
-remove pre EMBALM
-Close after ArT INJ, BEFORE CAVITY
COLOSTOMY BAG
-REMOVE BEFORE/AFTER ART INJ
-PURSE STRING
FACE HAS GAS
RAISE BOTH CAROTIDS
SUTURES for Trocar Opening
Purse string
N, Reverse
Carotid Suture
inferior>superior
Axillary/Brachial suture
medial-laterally
Radial/ulnar suture
distal-medially
Femoral/popliteal Suture
inferior>superior