Gender
social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between sexes. Notions of gender differences-that is, what is considered "feminine" or "masculine"-vary greatly over time and space.
Identity - defined by geograp
Race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Race is a "constructed identity" and is a perfect example of how identities are built. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on id
Racism
intolerance of people perceived to be inherently or genetically inferior. frequently referred to as system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals, racism is an ideology of difference that ascribes (predominantly negative) significance and m
Residential segregation
defined by geographers Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment.
Invasion and succession
process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. For example, in the early twentieth century, Puerto Ricans "invaded" the immigrant Jewish neighborhood of East Harlem an
Sense of place
state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.
Ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.
Space
defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as "social relations stretched out.
Place
the fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location.
Gendered
in terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women.
Queer theory
theory defined by geographers Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative.
Dowry deaths
in the contest of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.
Barrioization
defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood.
identity
defined by geographer Gillian Rose as "how we make sense of ourselves"; how people see themselves at different scales.
identifying against
constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other". For example, Europeans, over time, constructed an identity for the region that is now more commonly called the "Middle East and Asia". They defined the
Distinguish between a social construction and an ideology.
A social construction is an idea or a phenomenon that does not exist in nature but is created and given meaning by people. An ideology is a system of ideas that has been socially "constructed".
ideology
a system of ideas, beliefs, and values that justify the views, practices, or orientation of a group. Racism can be thought of as an ideology that has been exploited by certain groups, such as the Nazis, at different times.
How did racism develop?
Events associated w/Eruopean colonization of Americas contributed significantly. The practice of separating whites & blacks in colonial VA created Bacon's Rebellion (1676) when poor whites & blacks threatened white elite control. Racism and slavery provid
social construction
an idea or a phenomenon that does not exist in nature but is created and given meaning by people
great chain of being
based on the idea that there is a natural and ranked order of life in the world, from aquatic life at the bottom up to the heavens. If the broad classes of living things were ranked, it followed that the members of those classes could be ranked as well. V
Summarize how the "great chain of being" contributed to an ideology of racism.
1. It helped to naturalize the idea of human difference. It was understood not as a social construction, but rather as a natural construction - a reflection of a God-given hierarchical ordering of the world that included human races.
2. It supported views
apartheid
government-sponsored racial segregation and discrimination in West Africa
ascription
occurs when people assign a certain quality or identity to others or to themselves (self-ascription). For example, when a Turk marries a Kurd, he or she may be ascribed a Kurdish identity.
assimilation
describes the outcome of an interaction between an ethnic group and outsiders; the gradual loss of cultural traits, beliefs, and practices that distinguish immigrant ethnic groups and their members. Society as a "melting pot"; New York City.
discourse
communication that provides insight on social values, attitudes, priorities and ways of understanding the world
environmental justice
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. For example, exporting tox
ethnic cleansing
the forced removal of an ethnic group from an area
ethnic geography
a subfield of human geography that studies the migration and spatial distribution of ethnic groups, ethnic interaction and networks, and the various expressions or imprints of ethnicity in the landscape
ethnic island
a pattern of settlement, quite variable in size and population, formed by some ethnic groups in rural areas
ethnic neighborhood
a pattern of settlement formed by some ethnic groups in urban areas
ethnic group
people who share a collective identity that may derive from common ancestry, history, language, or religion, and who have a conscious sense of belonging to that group
ethnoburb
a multiethnic residential, commercial, or mixed suburban cluster in which a single ethnic group is unlikely to form a majority of the population
ethnoscape
a cultural landscape that reveals or expresses aspects of the identity of an ethnic group
gender gap
a disparity between men and women in their opportunities, rights, benefits, behavior, or attitudes
gender role
the idea that there are certain social expectations, responsibilities, or rights associated with femininity and masculinity.
heterolocalism
a reflection of the impact of globalization on ethnic interaction such that members of an ethnic group maintain their sense of shared identity even though they are residentially dispersed.
heterosexual norm
the conventional, binary division of the sexes based on clearly defined masculine and feminine gender roles.
human trafficking
the forcible and/or fraudulent recruitment of people for work in exploitative conditions, for example, as child soldiers or prostitutes.
institutional discrimination
a situation in which the policies, practices, or laws of an organization or government disadvantage people because of their cultural differences
location quotient
a measure that can be used to show how the proportional presence of an ethnic group in a region compares to the proportional presence of that same ethnic group in the country
othering
the act of differentiating between individuals and groups such that distinctions are made between "me" and "you" and between "us" and "them
pluralism
a model of ethnic interaction that characterizes members of immigrant ethnic groups as resisting pressures to assimilate and retaining those traits, beliefs, and practices that make them distinctive.
public space
a kind of commons, a space intended to be open and accessible to anyone
sexuality
a basis for personal and social identity that stems from sexual orientation, attitudes, desires, and practices.
symbolic ethnicity
the way in which a collection of symbols, i.e.) flags, music, dress styles) imparts meaning and identity to members of an ethnic group.
transgender
people who do not identify with the gender they are born with.