In the past, many urban areas were viewed as "male spaces" because women had comparatively few opportunities to...
find employment and buy property
Today, city planners work to create healthy urban environments by designing neighborhoods and streets that allow residents to...
engage in regular exercise
Urban political districts are often created by dividing a city using...
its natural physical boundaries
In a futuristic version of Hoyt's sector model, low-income populations would be most likely to live close to...
high-speed rail lines
The gravity model, which can be used to calculate the bonds between different urban centers, assumes that two cities located close together...
would attract more people than two cities located far apart
Residents of edge cities and suburban areas have long depended on automobiles and public transportation to access...
jobs in large cities
A greenbelt policy encourages a city to curb the amount of construction on a city's edges to encourage growth in...
the city's core
The political powers of a city council are typically outlined in...
the state's constitution
In the United States, it has been demonstrated that a sudden influx of wealth into an urban ghetto typically leads to...
desegregation and economic development within the ghetto
In many American cities, public transportation and emergency response services must be improved within the next 25 years primarily to serve...
the aging Baby Boomer population
Landless residents of large cities often band together to address their concerns through political demonstrations that may later solidify into...
grassroots organizations
When a city is not designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly, it has the potential to become...
an urban heat island
The 1970s and 1980s departure of Caucasian middle- and high-income families from urban areas to outlying areas, termed white flight, was characterized primarily as...
a racial movement
Housing cooperatives present a unique housing option for many urban residents, as they often...
democratically controlled and community-owned
Opponents of automobile dependency in cities argue that traffic congestion creates a constant demand for...
bigger, more streamlined roads
Cities must develop affordable urban housing and working spaces in order to encourage an increase in the number of...
arts and creative jobs
Increasingly, residents of gated communities, both within cities and in suburbs are commonly recognized as having...
high incomes and elite lifestyles
Many American cities developed unevenly between the Industrial Revolution and the late 1900s because developers and investors rejected city plans that allowed...
businesses and housing to be close together
The concentric zone model provided a way for urban residents to gradually move up economically and socially by allowing them...
to migrate progressively away from the central business district
In Harris and Ullman's multiple-nuclei model, a city could be understood as lacking a central business district if...
different industries were located throughout the city
After World War 2, the governments of many European nations countered urban housing shortages by building...
subsidized housing blocks within the city
Until recently, many transportation plans for urban areas failed to create space for environmentally friendly corridors for transportation such as...
pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths
As an urban neighborhood's socioeconomic status decreases, its residents are most likely to be denied the opportunity to...
enter into mortgages and receive home loans
Studies in urban areas such as Washington D.C., have indicated that when the number of high-wage jobs increases in the suburbs, the number of low-wage jobs is likely to rise...
in the central city
Many of today's emerging megacities, such as Rio de Janeiro and Guangzhou, are actually not one distinct city but...
multiple cities that have merged
In developing nations such as Egypt, large numbers of individuals leave rural areas on a seasonal basis mainly to find work in...
large cities
Central Place theory lost ground in the 20th century as city networks cam to be seen as determining the importance of cities more than...
the size of the cities and less developed areas surrounding them
An excellent example of a primate city that serves as the focus of a country and its culture is...
Copenhagen, Denmark
Since the 1980's, there has been a trend to build suburbs and edge cities within the United States...
increasingly farther away from the central city
In the city of Jerusalem, the concentric zone model can be modified to account for the presence of at least two central business districts for...
at least two different ethnic and religious populations
Which of the following was a global city in the Western world during the time of the Greek and Roman Empires?
Alexandria, Egypt
Chrstaller's central place theory, which provides a reason why a certain number of human settlements exist in an urban system, assumes that all consumers...
have the same income and shop in the same way
The rank-size rule does not work when one considers the distribution of...
all of the cities in a given country
The concentric zone model is portrayed as as series of rings, with the outermost ring being the...
commuter zone
A city seeking to reenergize an inactive central business district should take steps to...
plan events that will increase the number of residents and visitors within the district
In cities such as Chicago, individuals who take positions as members of a municipal council primarily engage in activities to...
make sure that the city government functions correctly
During the 1950's, many urban American neighborhoods came to be segregated because of redlining, a practice engaged in by...
banks and other lending institutions
In the sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, it is proposed that a city should grow outward from its center because...
major lines of transportation will carry commuters to outlying areas
When a large city experiences a sudden spike in internal immigration, that is, citizens of that country begin flocking to the city, the population of the city is likely to include..
individuals who were formerly residents of rural areas and smaller cities
Green building is a form of gentrification because it...
raises property values throughout a neighborhood
During the Neolithic Revolution, the majority of cities originated in areas where the population was able to...
generate an agricultural surplus
In Europe's Industrial Revolution, the rate of rural-urban migration increased as many members of which group left the fields for the factories?
The peasants
The earliest cities appear to have developed from villages in which much of the population was already linked by...
complex kinship structures
What is a likely result of a rapid rise in the rate of rural-urban migration?
overcrowding in urban areas
Many of the earliest cities grew rapidly because they were religious centers that attracted...
pilgrims and pilgrimages
Many political leaders in the earliest cities funded centralized administrations by taxes collected on...
the sale of agricultural harvests
When rural-urban migration is a cycle rather than a flow, it is likely because rural residents must return to rural areas to...
raise agricultural crops
A major problem facing modern megacities is...
air pollution
Global cities such as New York and London are characterized as such primarily because they are home to...
international business centers
In global cities, frequent displacement of minority populations with low incomes is often caused by the process of...
gentrification
Suburbanization causes cities to lose populations to areas surrounding them, which leads to...
decentralization and urban sprawl
A common violation of the rank-size rule occurs when the largest, or primate, city of a country is not much bigger than...
the smaller cities of a country
Christaller's central place theory explains that settlements will form in a triangular/hexagonal lattice, with the geometric shapes forming...
market areas
Edge cities typically grow on the borders of large urban areas as points near...
major roads and airports
The rank-size rule is a tool used by geographers but could also be considered a tool of applied...
mathematicians
In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to...
to cost of obtaining the good
The gravity model, used to predict flows of human activity between places, has been criticized for its inability to take into account...
the evolution of patterns
In a concentric zone model, the zones outside the core are sized according to...
what people will ay for the land
The sector model, developed by Hoyt in the law 1930's, is accurate in explaining the growth of numerous industrial cities in...
Great Britain
Geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman developed their multiple-nuclei model during a time when many people began to use cars to navigate cities more easily. Which decade was it?
1940's
The simplest form of the gravity model looks at the interaction between...
two towns
The multiple-nuclei model holds that a typical metropolitan area has multiple centers, one of which is the central business district and the others of which are...
suburban downtowns
As many cities discourage heavy industry from taking place within city limits, they work to motivate urban employers to increase the number of...
service jobs
Job sprawl involves the migration of jobs out of the urban cores of cities and into...
the outermost rings surrounding cities
Quantifying changes in population requires demographers to measure fertility, mortality, and migration, with the requirement that the migration be...
permanent or long lasting
American cities experiencing deindustrialization have simultaneously been prone to an increase in...
ghettoization
Public housing is typically defined as affordable housing offered to low income urban residents by...
local,state,and federal agencies
Housing in edge cities is often meant to create a semi rural fantasy space in which houses and gardens are typically...
well manicured and gated
When a cities terrain is rugged and the city lacks basic infrastructure, which type of network offers the most flexibility for urban transportation?
A grid of roads
Cities in areas that have a high chance of being affected by natural disasters are required to develop emergency transit plans to...
help urban residents evacuate in response to natural disasters