Cognitive Distance
A measure of distance based off a perceived distance, rather than physical distance.
Distance Friction
The amount of time it takes to get from one place to another.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Computer systems that can capture, store, analyze, and output geographic data.
Globalization
The elimination of national boundaries through ever greater integration of people, companies, and governments across the world.
Place
A point in geography
Absolute Location
Dictates where each place exists on a reference system
Relative Location
The location of a place compared to other places.
Region
A way of subdividing space into categorizable geographic units.
Distance Decay
The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between places decreases.
Diffusion
The movement of phenomenon from one location to another.
Space
A two-dimensional area that contains a number of places and boundaries that may or may not be clearly defined.
Phenomenon
Any attribute that can be considered geographically.
Distribution Patterns
The spatial arrangement of a phenomenon.
Latitude
A measured distance from north to south of the equator, with the north and south poles as key reference points. Parallel.
Longitude
A measured distance east and west of the prime meridian.
Prime Meridian (international date line)
The key reference line for longitude that is 0 degrees; an arbitrary line that crosses through Greenwich, England, and connects the poles
Scale
This determines the frame of reference and shows which characteristics are especially important.
Ptolemaic Maps
Ancient greek maps created by geographer Ptolemy, which accurately predicted the world's spherical shape but estimated Asia extending much farther to the East than it actually does.
T-O Maps
Middle aged maps created by the catholic church, who only based their maps on biblical passages. Jerusalem is placed at the center with three continents surrounding it, separated and surrounded by water. Asia, Europe, and Africa. These maps are oriented w
Historical Islamic Maps
These maps contained more accurate detail because Islamic traders were able to travel more of the world including farther east in Asia.
Age of Exploration Maps
During the age of exploration, the GPS was developed and traveling was made much more accurate, but maps still contained errors such as the position of Asia that resulted in the discovery of the new world.
Arithmetic Density
The population of a region or country divided by its total area.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of arable land.
Population Pyramids (profiles)
A tool used to better understand a population's structure. Shows the number or percentage of a population that is a particular age or age range.
Triangle shaped population pyramid
A country with rapid growth
Population pyramid with straight sides
A country with a stable or declining population
Basic Demographic Equation
An equation that can explain the population of an area; Future population = current population + births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The most common and basic measure of fertility, the number of children born per 1000 people in a population over a one year period.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The most common measure of death in an area. The number of deaths per 1000 people in a one year period.
Demographic Transition Model
A classic and debated model of how populations change. Based on changes that occurred in Europe during the eighteenth - twentieth centuries as a result of the industrial; revolution. The basic point is that as a country modernizes, its fertility and morta
Demographic Transition Model Stage 1
Undeveloped, high birth and death rates, population stays constant
Demographic Transition Model Stage 2
Beginning developing, birth rates stay mostly the same, death rates drop, population increases dramatically
Demographic Transition Model Stage 3
Developing, birth rates drop, death rates go down at a slower pace, population grows
Demographic Transition Model Stage 4
Developed, birth and death rates level off, birth rates generally being higher, population grows at a steady pace
Doubling Time
The amount of time it will take a population to double if it is increasing naturally. Doubling time is 70 years /rate of natural increase (%)
Fertility Rate
A measure of how many children, on average, a woman can expect to have in her lifetime.
Infant Mortality Rate
A common measure of mortality, (number of infants who die before age 1 / all births) x 1000. World Average 44
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Crude birth rate - crude death rate. Generally expressed as a percentage, divide the RNI by 10 to get the percentage.
Rate of Population Growth
RNI factoring in migration
Population Replacement Level (Zero Population Growth)
The level at which the total fertility rate needs to be in order for the population to remain the same, about 2.1-2.3.
Thomas Malthus
Predicted in 1978 that population would outgrow food supplies
Agent
The organism that causes the disease
Vector
The means by which the agent is transmitted to the host
Triangle of Human Ecology
Human health can be compromised by population, behavior, and habitat.
Insult
An insult is some kind of physical or mental injury, irritation, or trauma surrounding health
Chemical Insults
Negative effects on health from drugs, exposure to carbon monoxide/ noxious gases
Physical Insults
Negative effects on health from traumas from accidents, radiation poisoning, or electrical shock
Psychosocial Insults
Positive and negative effects of crowding, anxiety, love, and a sense of belonging
Ecology
The relationship between organisms (plants/animals) and their environment
Human Ecology
The interconnections between human populations and their physical world
Endemic
A disease which is always present
Epidemic
A disease that occurs in larger numbers within a population that doesn't usually experience the disease
Pandemic
When an epidemic disease covers a LARGE area/ whole world
Financial factors
Limitations on access to health services for people who cannot afford to use them
Functional factors
The presence of absence of health care resources
Geographical factors
The proximity of the resources to a population
Social Factors
Healthcare might be affected by a person's sociality, including race, sex, or language barriers
Host
The life form (animal/ human) that has the disease caused by the agent
Internally Displaced Persons
People who are displaced from their homes, but remain living in their country's borders
Refugee Warehousing
Long-term housing for refugees in a specific location
Reparation
The process of moving refugees back into their home country/ region
Push Factors
Things that push people away from their home
Pull Factors
Things that pull people to a new area
Intervening Obstacles
Variables that a migrant must consider when weighing the pluses and minuses of a potential move
Intervening Opportunities
The likelihood of migration is influenced most by the opportunities to settle at the destination and less by distance or population pressure at the starting point (the destination with the best/ most positive characteristics will be chosen by the migrant)
Ravenstein's Model
There's an inverse relationship between interaction of migrants and distance traveled.
Zipf's Model
We expect more interaction among places that are closer rather than far away / people will migrate to closer places rather than far-away places
Factor Mobility
Differences in wage rates cause people to migrate from low-wage areas to high-wage areas
Human Capital Model
People don't only move to areas for macroeconomic reasons but also for individual reasons
Mass Migration
Large group of people moving together (community, tribe, ethnic group, or an army)
Free Migration
Decision to relocate permanently to another location without the coercion, support, or compulsion of any government group in power
Impelled Migration
Migrants are pressured by a government or other institution in power to move, but they have some choice despite feeling pressured
Forced Migration
A country is forcing groups of people to leave
Rural to Urban Migration
(internal migration) Moving from a rural area to an urban area, moving from a place with low industrialization to a place with high industrialization
Human Trafficking
Use of coercion over another person for the purpose of exploitation
Child Trafficking
Human trafficking of children
Child Soldiers
Brutal form of slavery and forced migration is the abduction of youth for service
Step Migration
When migrants move from a small town to a larger town, then stop and work for awhile before moving on to an even larger town and so on..
Refugee
A person living outside of his or her own country who cannot return home because of fear of injury or persecution
Asylum Seeker
A migrant hoping to be declared a refugee in a foreign country.
Demographics
Relating to the structure of populations/a particular sector of a population
Immigration
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country
Emigration
The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.
Migration
The permanent relocation of one's place of residence usually implying a long-distance.
Internal Migration
The movement of people within a country.
Cyclical/circulation Movement
A pattern of migration in which migrants move back and forth between two or a small number of places, such as their home and a distant worksite.
Periodic Movement
Population movement, often over long distances, that occurs from time to time but is not permanent, such as going away to school or joining the armed forces
Interregional Migration
The permanent movement within one region of a country
Gross Migration
The total number of people who leave and enter a country in a given time.
Net Migration
The difference between the number of people who leave and the number of people who arrive in a country
Reconciliation
The restoration of friendly relations
Culture
Shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge. Repeated practices and traits that are learned not inherited.
Cultural Traits
A single component of a culture. They do not have to be exclusive to one culture, different cultures can share the same traits
Cultural Region
An area sharing a large number of cultural traits. Large cultural regions contain many smaller cultural regions.
Culture Complex
Several cultural traits that are all related, a bundle of traits that all have something in common.
Technological Subsystem
A division of culture and cultural traits, containing material objects that a culture produces, as well as procedures for using those objects.
Artificats
An individual cultural trait that falls within the technological subsystem. Anything that a culture produces is an artifact.
Sociological Subsystem
This component of culture guides how people in a culture are expected to interact with each other and how their social institutions are structured
Sociofacts
Cultural traits in the sociological subsystem, social expectations of a culture. Social institutions are also part of the sociological subsystem.
Ideological Subsystem
The ideas, beliefs, and knowledge of a culture.
Mentifacts
Individual ideas, beliefs, and knowledge of a culture
Cultural Diffusion
The movement of cultural traits from one place to another. Generally consists of the movement of people, ideas, or things from a point of origin over time.
Relocation Diffusion
The first of three recognized patterns of cultural diffusion. It is the diffusion of a particular phenomenon that results from the migration of people who practice that phenomenon. In other words, people are bringing their culture with them as they move.
Contagious Diffusion
The second diffusion pattern, in this case, the phenomenon spreads to nearby places. It often depends on contact, close communication, and even observation.
Hierarchical Diffusion
A pattern of diffusion that is not necessarily continuous, where things move from one place to another place with some similarities or are otherwise going to be more receptive
Grassroots
The basic civilian population being used as the basis for a political movement. These local grassroot groups aim to create change on a local or even national level.
Cultural Hearths
Civilizations that influence cultures around the world.
Cultural Landscapes
A landscape designed or created because of man
Folk vs Pop Culture
Folk culture includes the cultures of smaller, less developed rural areas, while pop culture is the result of more developed, widespread areas.
Foodways
Cultural, economic, and social relations to food consumption and production for a specific place
Literary Language
A language used for writing. Not all languages have a literary aspect or vice versa
Dialect
The slight variation of a language based on the different location it is spoken.
LIngua Franca
A language (other than their native language) that is mutually adopted between two different speaking groups as a common language, a bridge language.
Pidgin
Usually a simple mixture of two different languages so that different speaking groups can solely communicate.
Creole
A more finished and complete language from two different languages originally formed as a pidgin language. This is used as a complete language, not just for communicating between groups
Language Families
Language families are languages that originated from similar descent or "mother languages".
Isolate Language
A language that is created on its own, not having any ancestor languages that it came from.
Emerging Language
The emerging language skills that a toddler gains from months 12 to 36 typically
Isoglass
The geographic boundary of "a linguistic feature, such as pronunciation or the meaning of a word
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects such as plants, have a soul
Religious diaspora
A group that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now dispersed (jews)
Caste System
The societal belief that when you're born poor, you will stay poor and vice verse.
Profane/sacred landscapes
A place in landscape where a group of people (usually religious) relates it to spiritual belief.
Universal Religions
The religions that claim religion is applied to all humans; Christianity, Buddhism, Islam.