Demographics?
Study of human populations and how these populations change over time.
Migration?
The movement of people.
Emigration?
The process of leaving a specific area of the world.
Immigration?
The process of going to a specific area of the world.
Migration streams?
Illustration that shows the amount of people and where those people are going to and form in the world.
Short term affects of migration streams?
leads to increase and decrease of population.
Long term affects of migration streams?
Future populations will be affected by this movement.
Population clusters?
Four main areas of the earth where the majority of the worlds population is concentrated.
Point of note concerning Brazil and the US?
Despite the size of Brazil and the US, The western hemisphere remains unrepresented in the 4 most populated areas.
Cartogram?
Map whose size representation represents population.
Sparsely Populated Regions?
Regions of the earth that are too difficult for large amount of human settlement.
Ecumen?
Human settlement.
Population Density?
The amount of people in a given area and the reasons for that amount.
Arithmetic Density?
The number of people per square mile. Finds how crowded an area is.
Physiological Density?
The number of people divided by the amount of arable (farm-able) land within a given area. DETERMINES OVERPOPULATION.
Agricultural Density?
The amount of farmers within a given area.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?
The number of babies born per year in a given area per 1,000.
Crude Death Rate(CDR)?
Annual number of people who have died in a given area per 1,000.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?
The percent at which the world population grows each and every year.
-Excludes Migration
Doubling Time?
The number of years needed to double a population.
Total Fertility rate (TFR)?
The average number of children a women is expected to have within her lifetime.
The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
It shows population in 5-year age groups.
Dependency Ratio?
People between the age groups of 0-15 & 65+ who are dependent upon the workforce to provide for them.
Graying of a population?
A shrinking in population.
Sex Ratio?
The number of males per 100 females.
What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females?
Most Asian countries because male babies outnumber female babies. Female abortions are favored in these countries.
Demographic Transition?
A process with several stages and every country in one of the stages.
Stage 1 in DTM?
Very high CBR & CDR. Virtually no long-term NIR. Low growth. Hunting and gathering.
Stage 2 in DTM?
Rapidly declining CDR & Very high CBR. This produces a very high NIR. High Growth. Industrial Revolution era.
Stage 3 in DTM?
Decline of CBR & CDR. NIR begins to moderate. Decreasing in growth.
Stage 4 in DTM?
Very low CBR & CDR produce virtually no long-term NIR (Possibly a decrease). Low Growth. (CBR=CDR. NIR=0)
How did countries enter stage 2 of the DTM?
Europe and North america entered as a result of the Industrial Revolution. This resulted in higher wealth and healthier places to live.
Africa, Asia, & Latin America entered by the medical revolution caused from the Industrial Revolution that resulted in
How did countries enter stage 3 of the DTM?
In the first half of the 21st century, Europe and North America. The 2nd half is Asia, Latin America, Chile... were starting to locate to urban areas and society's way of a women standards were becoming more independent.
How did countries enter stage 4 of the DTM?
Ex. Denmark.
The % of young & old people are the same. This can be due to women in the labor force & technology advancing such as birth control.
What two ways have been successful in reducing birth rates?
Education & Health Care.
Contraception: "Family Planning
Views of Thomas Malthus?
The population is growing at a much more rapid rate than earth's food supply. The only way to stop would be caused form moral restraint or disasters.
Views of Neo-Malthusians?
Poor countries have a rapid population growth because of their lack of medical technology form developed countries. This is caused in the economic gap between growth and resource. Growth is outstripping other resources besides food.
Views of the critics of Malthus?
Resource depletion is fixed rather than expanding. The more population means more food. The only reason why their is welfare problems is caused by lack of economic development in certain countries.
Where has Malthus's theory been proven right and wrong?
Right: Food production. Problems of distribution of wealth cause in-access to food. Wrong: Population size.
Problems of Japan's population?
Decline in people in the next 50 years, Japan discourages immigration, that will lead to them facing a shortage of workers.
First break in the DTM?
Sudden drop in death rate caused form technological innovation.
Second break in DTM?
Sudden drop in birth rate from changing social customs.
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM?
Low CBR, Increasing CDR, Negative NIR.
Ex. Russia.
Epidemiological Transition?
A focus on distinctive health threats in each stage of the DTM.
Health threats in stage 1 of the DTM?
Infectious & Parasite Diseases. The black plague was transmitted by fleas from migrating infected rats. High CDR.
Health threats in stage 2 of the DTM?
Rapidly declining CDR. Receding pandemics. Improved nutrition and sanitation. Cholera was found by Dr. John Snow in water pipes that ran through poorer cities.
Health threats in stage 3 of the DTM?
Degenerative Diseses. Chronic Diseses. Moderatley declining CDR. Cardiovascular and cancer disease become two major issues.
Health threats in stage 4 of the DTM?
Delayed degenerative Diseases. Low but increasing CDR. More treatments.
Health threats in stage possible 5 of the DTM?
Infectious diseases. Re-emerge of former or new diseases. Evolution. poverty, Globalization of diseases. (Ex. Ebola.
Infant Mortality Rate?
Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age. Compared with total live births.
Life Expectancy?
The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current morality levels.
How are mortality rates distributed globally?
Most favorable in wealthy to developed countries and least favorable in developing or poorer countries.
Variations in health care between developed and developing countries?
In more developed countries, well trained doctors and nurses, modern hospitals, and large supply of medicine make for better health care. Range of population.
Migration in stage 1 of the DTM?
High daily/seasonal mobility in search of food.
Migration in stage 2 of the DTM?
International emigration. Interregional migration from rural to urban areas.
Migration in stage 3 & 4 of the DTM?
Internal Migration. High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs.
Ravestein's two laws for distance in relation of migrants?
1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country.
2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.
International Migration?
Permanent move from one country to another.
Internal Migration?
A permanent move within the same country.
Push facts responsible for voluntary migration?
Economic Improvement
Push facts responsible for forced migration (refugees)?
Political/Environmental factors
Interregional Migration?
Movement from one region of a country to another. (Ex. Rural to urban in search of jobs)
Inraregion Migration?
Movement within one region. (Ex. Older cities to newer suburbs)
The worlds third most populous country (U.S.) is inhabited overwhelmingly by...?
Direct decedents of immigrants
In What stage of the DTM are most countries that send out immigrants?
Stage 2 & 3 with emphasis on stage 2 through the industrial revolution that demanded more workers from different countries causing immigration.
What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase?
1968 Immigration reform that issued many visas to immigrants without legal documents
What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the U.S.?
The opening of the American West. This led the interior of the continents to be settled and developed.
Population center?
The average location of everyone in the country.
What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?
Crossing the Appalachian Mountains
What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?
The building of canals and the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price.
Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?
The regions dry climate, lack of trees, and tough grassland sod made land unfit for farming.
How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American Interior?
Railroad companies received large land grants which then portions could be sold to farmers which led to products to transport.
What two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?
Job opportunities and warmer climate.
Urbanization?
To migrate form rural to urban areas. Leads people to economic advancement.
Suburbanization?
Migration from urban to suburban areas. Leads people to have a family, bigger house, safer schools, etc.
Counter urbanization?
Net migration from urban to rural areas. Leads people for their lifestyle reasons.
Push factors?
Induces people to move out of their present location.
Pull factors?
Induces people to move into a new location.
Political push factors?
Low wage, Less jobs, IDP, people escaping government prosecution.
Political Pull factors?
To be recognized as a refugee, brain gain, better wages, more jobs
Environmental Push & Pull Factors?
Push: Hazardous land, adverse physical conditions (Not enough water, to much), natural disaster.
Pull: Physically attractive, welcoming climate, improved communication and transportation.
Economic Push and Pull factors?
Push: Few jobs, no need for certain skill
Pull: More jobs, economic opportunities, need for skill
Guest Worker?
Immigrants from poorer countries are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs.
Why are china and southwest Asia major destinations for migrants?
Booming economies
Intervening Obstacle?
Environmental or political feature that hinders migration.
How does physical geography become a intervening obstacle?
The long and expensive passage over land or by sea
Transportation as an intervening obstacle?
Motor vehicles & airplanes have diminished the importance of environmental factors`
Political Concerns/Laws as intervening obstacles?
Migrants need a passport to legally emigrate from a country & a visa to legally immagrate
What did the Quota act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?
They established maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the US during a one-year period.
How did Quotas favor immigration from certain regions?
The size of the country that was already in the US, skill, and family
How did the Immigration act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?
Instead of 2%, immigrants were separated into hemispheres. (170,000 EH & 120,000 WH)
How was immigration laws further changed in 1978?
A global quota was raised to 290,000. 20,000 per country. Presently is raised to 700,000.
What preferences does the US immigration law give?
Family reunification, Skilled Workers, and Diversity(admitted by lottery).
Brain Drain?
Large scale emigration by talented people.
Chain Migration?
The migration of people to a specific location because relatives/members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Undocumented immigrants?
Immigrants without proper documents.