What are Ravenstein's 2 laws for distance in relation of migrants?
1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
2. Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Define international migration
Migration from one country to another
Define internal migration
Permanent move within the same country
What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?
They have chosen to move because of economic improvement
What type of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration?
Political/environmental factors
Define interregional migration
Movement from one region of a country to another
Define intraregion migration
Movement within one region within urban areas from older cities to newer suburbs
5 Summary Statements regarding global migration patterns
-People move from LDCs to MDCs
-US and Europe have a lot of immigrants
-9% of the world are international immigrants
-Guest workers moving from Southwest Asia for work
-US had more foreign born residents
The world's third most populous country (US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by who?
Direct descendants from immigrants
In what stage of the demographic transition are most countries that send out immigrants
Stage 2: LCDs mostly in Asia, Latin America, and Africa
What are the 3 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years
China, Philippines, India
What caused immigration from Latin America to the US increase?
1984 Immigration and Control Act: issued visas to immigrants already living in the US who didn't already have them
Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed here in the US?
US is no longer sparsely settled
What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?
The opening of the American West
What is population center?
Average location of everyone in the country
What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent? Why?
Appalachian Mts: Steep slopes, thick forests, very few gaps
What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?
Building of Canals
Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?
Emigration from Europe to the East Coast offset most of the emigration from the East Coast to the US West
How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?
Federal gov't sold land portions to farmers
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Emigration
Migration from a location
For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?
Job Opportunities & Warmer Climates
A factor that induces people to leave old residences is a ____.
Push Factor
A factor that induces people to move to a new location is a ____.
Pull Factor
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Guest Worker
Explain why China and Southwest Asia are major destinations for migrants
China- Booming Economy
Southwest Asia- wealthy oil-producing countries
An environment or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration is an ____.
Intervening Obstacle
What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?
Established Quotas
U.S. immigration law gives preference to groups. Identify those preferences.
1) Family Reunification
2) Skilled Workers
3) Diversity
Large-Scale emigration by talented people is ____.
Brain Drain
The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.
Chain Migration
What are undocumented immigrants?
People who enter a country without proper documents to do so
Where do most undocumented immigrants in the US come from?
Mexico
Discuss the impact of Europeans emigrating around the world
-Brought European culture to the world
-Christianity is spread
-Art, Music, Literature, Philosophy, & ethics have spread
-Economies in Africa and Asia are based on crops & resources being sent from Europe
What are the US Attitudes toward immigrants
-Supportive if they are working towards being legal
-Some hostility remains
What are the European attitudes toward guest workers
-Migration is easy within European Union
-Some feel culture of host countries is being threatened
What is similar between the US attitudes toward immigrants and the European's Attitudes toward guest workers?
-Population growth is fueled by immigration
-The number of immigrants is reduced by recession
Explain Stage 1 of the Migration Transition Model
High Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
Explain Stage 2 of the Migration Transition Model
High International emigration & interregional migration from rural to urban areas
Explain Stages 3&4 of the Migration Transition Model
High International immigration & intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
Interregional Migration of Russia (Where, Why, and How)
Where: West to East & North
Why: Crowded in West
How: Forced migration to open steel mills, hydrocele power, & mines Later Voluntary because of higher wages, vacation, and early retirement
Interregional Migration of Canada (Where, Why, and How)
Where: East to West
Why: Less Crowded
How: Voluntary
Interregional Migration of China (Where, Why, and How)
Where: Rural interior to the large coastal cities
Why: To find more jobs
How: Voluntary
Interregional Migration of Brazil (Where, Why, and How)
Where: From large coastal cities to the interior
Why: crowded coast
How: Voluntary
What is Urbanization? Significance in US?
Increase in the number of people living in urban settlement (Rural to Urban)
80% of people in US cities in 2010
What is Suburbanization? Significance in US?
An increase in the number of people living in suburban settlements (Cities to Suburbs)
Nearly twice as many Americans migrate to Suburbs that vise versa
What is Counterurbanization? Significance in US?
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries (Urban to Rural)
More people are now moving to rural areas than moving out of them
What are some political push factors?
-Slavery
-Political Conflict
-Refugees
-Asylum Seekers
What are some environmental push factors?
-Water supply (too much or not enough)
-Natural Disaster
What are some economic push factors?
-Few jobs available
What are some political pull factors?
-Freedom from political conflict or war
What are some environmental pull factors?
-Mountains, Seasides, Warm climate
What are some economical pull factors?
-Available Jobs
What is the normal age or migrants?
25-39
What is the normal education of migrants?
Less likely to have a high school diploma
What is the characteristic of gender of migrants?
in 19th & 20th century- 55% male
21st century- 55% female
Immigration Law: Border Control
Americans would like to see more effective border patrol but don't want to send money on fences
Immigration Law: Workplace
Support Work- programs to make them legal
Immigration Law: Civil Rights
Favor letting police stop & verify legal status of anyone who is suspected of being illegal
Immigration Law: Local Initiatives
Enforcement is a federal government responsibility
How did the immigration act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?
Hemispheres rather than individual countries