Causes of the Crusades
(1100-1550)
+ desire of the Papacy for conquest;
+ Desire of the mercantile classes to open up trade routes to the East;
+Desire of the Byzantine emperors to recover their lost territories;
+ Desire of princes to carve new kingdoms out of the East
Pilgrimage
Favorite form of religious exercise;
It is to journey to the Holy Land
The pilgrimage traffic to Palestine
It was jeopardized;
Seljuk Turks imposed tolls/taxes on pilgrims;
The Eastern Empire was in jeopardy of falling to the Turks;
1095 Em. Alexus
Asked Pope Urban II for help
Western feelings on freeing Palestine
People in the West felt like God would reward the people who fought to free Palestine from Muslim control
Pope Urban II Proclamation at Clermot 1095
a race from the kingdom of the Persians (Muslims)...utterly alienated from God...has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by sword, pillage, and fire...
Crusades (Western European viewpoint)
+Series of armed missions to the East, Constantinople, and Palestine;
+ indication of self-awareness/self-confidence;
+ early crusades were
religious revivalism
;
+ were convinced crusades were the "will of God";
+ Point was to free Palestine from Muslim
Reason for the Crusades
To free Palestine from Muslim influence
Unintended consequence of the West participating in the crusades
The West came into contact with new ideas, new technology, and found a civilization far more advanced than their own
Reason to participate in the Crusades: Pope Urban II's Promise
if a man was killed doing the work of God he would automatically be absolved of his sins and assured of Salvation
Reason to participate in the crusades
Westerners saw hope to advance their wealth, honor, and esteem in this Holy War
Map of Crusade Geography
...
First Crusade: what years?
1096-1099 AD
First crusade: how many people?
4 armies of about 40,000 soldiers
First Crusade: Battle of Antioch
(June 1098)
The West won, and it was a decisive victory
First Crusade: July 1099
Entered Jerusalem and slaughtered Muslims
Peter the Hermit and the First Crusade:
he was
PART
of this crusade bc he recruited a mob of peasants who accompanied the four armies and made it as far as Constantinople (but the peasants were all eventually slaughtered)
Which crusade was the most successful?
The first crusade
Why was the first crusade the most successful?
The Muslims were unorganized
Results of the First Crusade:
+ Jerusalem was captured and held for 100 years;
+Safe travel for Pilgrims to Holy Lands;
+ New military/religious orders founded
Knights of the Temple
(1120) Also called Templars, they were French;
Took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience;
Founded as a result of the First Crusade
Knights of the Hospital
(1130) Also called Hospitalers;
Effective fighting forces who protected Jerusalem
Formed as a result of the first crusade;
Kingdom of Jerusalem established:
+ Direct control of Jerusalem & surrounding area;
+ The frontiers never extended;
+ Remained dependent on movement of men and money;
+ The kingdom was surrounded by Muslims;
+ Most people who lived in the Kingdom were Muslims;
Areas ruled by the Crusaders of the First Crusade (image)
Second Crusade
(1147-1149)
Attempted to capture Damascus, Syria (Failed);
Attempted to better protect Jerusalem;
Ended in failure
Third Crusade
(1189-1192);
Jerusalem captured by Seljuk Turk's Saladin;
Famous heads of state (Richard the Lionhearted);
Jerusalem remained under Muslim Control;
Unarmed Christians given right to visit Jerusalem;
Ended in failure;
Fourth Crusade
(1202-1204);
Pope Innocent III: Jerusalem to Christian control;
Never reached Holy lands;
Fought and captured constantinople;
Most infamous ("Christians attacked Christians");
"Children's Crusade" (1212)
Children's Crusade
Part of 4th Crusade in year 1212;
Thousands of children ages 10-18 marched to Jerusalem, believing God would protect them (they were poor and faithful);
Many starved, froze to death, were sold as slaves, and very very few returned;
Fifth Crusade
(1217-1221);
Fought in Egypt;
Never reached Palestine;
Crusade failed;
Sixth Crusade
(1228-1229);
Negotiated settlement with Muslims;
Jerusalem/Nazareth under Christian control until 1244
7th/8th Crusades
Fought in Egypt;
Louis IX was captured and offered for ransom;
Both ended in failure;
Results of Crusades:
+no permanent control of Holy lands;
+Greater security (the Turkish advance West slowed down);
+ Western governments Taxed;
+Greater animosity between western and eastern christians;
+ Norther italian cities (venice, genoa, and Pisa) grew powerful on
land
Fall of Byzantine Empire (Constantinople)
+ 1071 Byzantine Empire was a small limited area;
+ the empire was fragmented during the 4th crusade;
+ 1261 Unity of Empire never restored after Turks;
+ 1453 Ottoman Turks/Mongols attacked from land and sea, the city fell and the Byzantine Empire ends;
Ascendency of Ottoman Empire
(1289-1453)
+ Constantinople becomes capital of Ottoman Empire (later renamed Istanbul);
+ Ottoman Empire continues to expand into Western Europe (defeats Hungarian Empire) 1453-1682;
+ 1529 Ottoman's stopped at Vienna, Austria;
+ Suleiman II the Magnific
Stagnation of Ottoman Empire
1683-1827;
+Empire begins to sign creates that give up more territory (like Hungary);
+Serbian Uprising (Balkans 1813);
+ Greek War of Independence 1821/1832
Decline of Ottoman Empire
1827-1908;
+Algeria ceded to the French (1830);
+Romania, Serbia, Bosnia, Cyprus, sovereign (1878);
Dissolution of Ottoman Empire
1908-1923;
+ Bulgaria and Albania independent (1912);
+ Ottomans enter WWI on side of Central Powers (Germany) 1914;
+ Ottoman empire began to crumble, it became known as "the sick man of Europe";
+ Armenian Genocide takes place (during WWI);
World War I and Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire came to an end
Ottoman institutions
+Devout followers of Islam;
+Advocated Holy Wars;
+Ottomans were lenient toward those they conquered;
+Subjects: paid taxes/supplied men for Ottoman army;
Ottoman government:
+Sultan (head of state);
+Civil, ecclesiastical, military;
+army uses Janissaries (professional soldiers that were actually slaves);
Limits of Ottoman Power
+Empire reached its zenith (Suleiman the Great);
+Trade weakens as the West seeks "water" trade routes around Africa (which avoids the Ottoman empire);
+Poor leadership after Suleiman;
+Poor administration of empire;
Armenian background:
+Armenians converted to christianity soon after death of Jesus (3rd century);
+Ethnic group lived in the Anatolia/Caucus region;
+Minority Christian group in sea of Muslims;
+Second-class citizenship (high taxes/hardship);
+Periodic persecution by teh Ott
Armenian genocide
(1915-1916)
"Young Turk" government of Ottoman Empire;
+Committee for Union & Progress produced "butcher battalions" (violent criminals from jail;
+1.5 million Armenians systematically murdered;
Systematic murder of 1.5 million Armenians
+Armenians in Ottoman Army were arrested and disarmed, and murdered;
+Armenian political/intellectural leaders rounded up and murdered (April 24, 1915);
+Armenian civilians told they were to be relocated;
Result for Armenian civilians?
+Most marched to concentration camps in the desert & were brutalized on the forced march;
+Denied food/water;
+Turks devised many ways to murder (ie killing pregnant women, death by burning, execution killings, loaded barges sank, etc);
Ottoman government denial
To this day most Turkish government officials adamantly deny any wrong doing
Birth of Modern Russia:
Mongols in Eastern Europe
+From 9th-12th centuries center of Russian Culture was Principality of Kiev;
+Mongol raids on Eastern Europe from 1237-1241;
+Mongol raiders (Golden Horde) controlled area;
+Russian princes paid tribute to Golden Horde;
+Russians seek out protected areas
Rise of Moscow
+Moscow becomes center of Russian Mesopotamia (Princes gained power);
+Princes begin
primogeniture
Primogeniture
Right of inheritance belongs to eldest son
Ivan I
1328-1341
+Extended area of Moscow Principality;
+Befriended Kahn of Golden Horde and collected taxes for all of Russian Lands;
+Increased treasury of Moscow as well;
+Befriended russian Orthodox church;
Ivan III
The Great (1462-1505);
+Founder of modern Russian state;
+Acquired Novgorod (important center of trade);
+Confronted the Mongols in 1480 at OKA river (Mongols withdrew ending their Russian domination;
Basil III
+He was Ivan III the Great's successor;
+Continued growth of Moscow;
+Adopted term Tsar (Slavic equivalent of Caesar);
+Saw himself as successor of Byzantine emperors and Moscow as the third Rome;
+Wrote a new code of laws called the
SUDEBNIK
Sudebnik
New code of laws written by Basil III