vole
A small, burrowing, mouse-like rodent
vector
An organism that transmits pathogens from one plant to another.
which of the following pest management methods uses selection for resistance to a pest as a means of managing pests?
host- plant resistance
which of the following statements about cultural pest management is true?
good sanitation practices are needed to manage plant diseases
naturally occurring disease organisms that have been commercially formulated to control pest have been referred to as
microbial pesticides
5 steps of ipm
pest detection and identification
pest monitoring
threshold determination
implementation OF PEST CONTROL AND METHODS
RECORD KEEPING AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS
why is it important to be able to identify host plants of landscape diseases?
if managers have identified the host plants in a landscape they know what diseases the host's plants are susceptible to and can be on the lookout for those diseases by monitoring the weather conditions and watching for the onset of disease
why is tracking accumulated degree days more accurate at predicting the emergence of pest than the calendar method
Calendar predictions are generally based on average temperatures for a given date over many years. Accumulated degree days are calculated on the basis of the actual temperatures occurring in a particular year. In a hot, dry year, pest development may be a
according to the federal insecticide fungicide and rodenticide act
commercial pesticide applicators using restricted-use pesticide must be certified
under the endangered species act who is responsible for making sure pesticide a an endangered applications do not affect an endangered species
...
What pest management method uses selection for resistance to a pest as a means of managing pests?
Host-plant resistance
T/F Good sanitation practices are needed to manage plant disease.
True
Naturally occurring disease organisms that have been commercially formulated to control pests are referred to as:
Microbial pesticides
List the 5 steps in IPM
A. Pest detection and identification. B. Pest monitoring. C. Threshold determination. D. Implementation and selection of pest control methods. E. Record-keeping and evaluation of results.
Why is it important to be able to identify host plants of landscape diseases?
If managers have identified the host plants in a landscape, they know what diseases the host plants are susceptible to and can be on the lookout for those diseases by monitoring weather conditions and watching for the onset of the diesases.
Why is tracking accumulated degree days more accurate at prediciting the emergence of pests than the calendar method?
Calendar predictions are generally based on average temperatures for a given date over many years. Accumulated degree days are calculated on the basis of the actual temperatures occurring in a particular year. In a hot, dry year, pest development may be a
Why is studying plant phenological indicators more accurate at tracking insect development than the calendar?
The developmental timetable for plants is based on actual temperatures, as is the insect development timetable. The timing of the hatching of eastern tent caterpillars is closely related to budbreak on cherry trees. Plant and insect development is differe
Action thresholds are often expressed as:
The number of pests per unit area.
Why are record-keeping and evaluation important to the IPM process?
It is important to know from year to year what kinds of pest problems develop. It is also important to konw what strategies worked and how well.
According to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act:
Commercial pesticide applicators using restricted-use pesticides must be certified.
Under the Endangered Species Act, who is responsible for making sure pesticide applications do not affect an endangered species?
The applicator. This can be done by carefully checking the label and looking at the EPA-maintained website.
Outline the conditions under which federal law permits the control of migratory birds without a Federal Depredation Permit.
If red-winged, rusty, and Brewer's blackbirds, cowbirds, grackles, crows, and magpies are causing damage and are present in high numbers, a permit may not be needed, It is sill necessary to be aware of state and local laws that apply to the methods being
Under Michigan law, how longh should commercial applicators maintain records of pesticide use for general-use and restricted-use pesticides?
General-use pesticides = 1 year
Restricted-use pesticides = 3 years
Is this statement T/F according to Regulation 637, Pesticide Use
(true) In Michigan, there is a registry of persons who must be notified before turfgrass or ornamental pesticide applications can occur on properties that are adjacent to the property of the person listed in the registry.
According to Regulation 637, what are the minimum PPE requirements for commercial applicators?
Wear long pants and a long-sleeved shirt. A short-sleeved shirt may be worn if the pesticide applicator has immediate access to soap and water (or equivalent) and is not prohibited by the pesticide label. Wear protective footwear and gloves impervious to
What is the correct lawn marker sign size and position for displaying it after pesticide application to a turf site.
4 inchs (10 cm) high and 5 inches (12 cm) wide, 12 inches (31 cm) above the turf.
At the time of a golf course pesticide application, where and waht type of information must be posted?
On the first and tenth tees and in another conspicuous place- the date and time of the application, common name of the pesticide, areas treated, reentry information from the label and the name of the person to contact for more information.
When must risk and benefit information be provided to the customer?
Not later than the time of the first pesticide application.
Outdoor, ornamental and turf applications of liquid spray pesticides may not be made on school grounds:
Within 100 feet (30 m) of occupied classroom buildings.
describe how to properly apply a pesticide to a large tree
make sure to have the appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the head face and neck. start spraying by first directing a spray up into the interior of the crown, then move to the top portion of the tree and work downward.
Spray application
often applied to the point of runoff
Microinjection
used to deliver a small quantity of a concentrated pesticide directly into the vascular system of a tree
Macroinfusion
a way to apply a pesticide solution directly into the the trunk of the tree
soil injection
a feeding needle is used to inject the solution
soil drenching
when the pesticide is mixed with water and poured on the ground around the base of the tree or shrub so the pesticide can be absorbed by the roots
Granular application
often made using a drop or rotary spreader
compressed air sprayer
includes handle and backpack sprayers
wick applicators
designed to apply herbicides to precise areas
hydraulic sprayers
can produce pressure of 50 to 300 psi
Mistblowers
applies pesticides at ultra-low-volume rates
Drop Spreader
A spreader that distributes the material directly below the spreader through a series of small openings located at the base of the hopper.
Rotary Spreader
uses a spinning plate to distribute the pestacide in a much wider swath than the width of the spreader
Shaker can
handheld applicator that dispenses a small, measured amount of pesticide
all of the above are used in glandular application
Shaker can
Rotary Spreader
drop spreader
Microinjection
an injection method that uses pressure to place small amounts of Rotary Spreader directly into the tree trunk
Macroinfusion
consists of a harness of plastic tubing connecting to plastic trees
implantable capsule
a plug containing the insecticide is taped into a drilled hole and set in place with a mallet
list some of the common equipment failures that may result in pesticide accidents
hose and tank leaks,worn hoses, faulty regulator gauge, malfunctioning hand gun.
list some things to carry in an emergency repair kit for pesticide application equipment
screwdriver,knife, spare sprayer parts, adjustable wrench, duct tape, Teflon pipe tape an old toothbrush and pair of pliers
you want to make 2 gallons of a 4 percent solution of a broadleaf herbicide. rounding off to the nearest ounce, how many ounces of herbicide will you need?
10 ounces
128 ounces in a gallon x 2= 256 ounces x 4 percent =10.24
The label application rate says to mix 4 fluid ounces of the herbicide product with water to treat 1000 a thousand square feet. The area to be treated is 1500 square feet. How much herbicide is needed based on the label application rate?- 2 fluid ounces.-
- 6 fluid ounces.
When should equipment be calibrated?
before using it for first time each year
when changing type of pesticide
when changing rate and speed at which pesticide is applied
when equipment is moved from one site to another, rotary spreaders settings are easily knocked out of place
Why is calibration important?
Calibration is an essential task performed by any professional that ensures the accurate application of the labeled amount of pesticide.If equipment is not properly calibrated you can waste money, injure plants, damage environment,fail to control pests an
You want to spray 30 shrubs in a plant bed. During a water-only test, spraying an average-sized plant in the bed takes 15 seconds, and in doing so you collect 10 fluid ounces of water. How much total spray mixture in gallons do you need to treat the total
2.3
The label application rate says to mix 4 fluid ounces of the herbicide product with water to treat 1000 ft2. The area to be treated is 1500 ft2. You calibrate your sprayer to apply 50 fluid ounces of finished spray over 1000 ft2 in 60 seconds. How many fl
75 ounces
It is required by law that pesticide application equipment be calibrated
true
why should you use PPE when calibrating spray equipment?
because the equipment may have pesticide residue on it
describe the various weed life cycles
annual weeds go through their whole life cycle from seed to seed in a single year. biennials require 2 years. perennials live for many years.
when do summer annuals and winter annuals germinate
summer annuals germinate in the spring. winter annuals germinate in the fall
flat or round, hallow stems
grass
sedge
a grass-like plant with triangular solid stems and inconspicuous flowers, growing typically in wet ground
Herbaceous broadleaves
do not develop woody stems, leaf veins are netted, flower parts in fours or fives
Horsetails
primitive perennial that reproduces by creeping roots and tubers
Poison Ivy
deciduous woody vine, causes skin irritation
list four strategies for managing landscape weeds
create vigorous ornamental plants
limit weed seed production
limit weed seed germination
deal with weeds mechanically or chemically when they are young
list methods for cultural control of weeds
mulching to suppress weeds
fallowing good sanitation practices removing weed parts from soil and containers
list methods for mechanical control of weeds
hoeing
hand weeding
tilling
cultivation
contact
kills plants quickly within hours of application less effective on perennial weeds may be classified as selective or non-selective
Kills only certain plants without adversely affecting the growth of others.
Selective.
Applied directly to soil to inhibit growth and development of germinating seedlings.
Pre-emergence.
Applied to plant foliage and then moves throughout the plant; kills plants over a period of days or a few weeks. May be classified as selective or nonselective.
Systemic
Kills all plants.
Non-selective
which of the fallowing would be a method for protecting against herbicide injury to ornamental plants
use selective herbicide
list two ways to slow the development of a resistance to an herbicide
make fewer herbicidal applications
use herbicide with different modes of action for subsequent applications
what is a plant disorder
a problem caused by an abiotic or nonpathogenic cause
describe some of the symptoms a plant that requires full sun might display when grown in a shady location
lanky
pale
male flower or fruit poorly
may be more at risk for disease and insect problems
describe some of the symptoms a shade plant might display when growing in a full sun location
bleached or scorched
stunted
red pigments in the leaves
name for techniques for growing healthy plants on poorly drained sites
plants that are less sensitive to to much water
add organic material to soil around plant to improve drainage
install drainage tile
make sure automatic irrigation systems are not applying to much moisture
why should you have soil tested to determine its pH level
improper pH will block the plant from using some nutrients even if they are present in the soil
what is the main sign that a tree or shrub is planted to deeply
the trunk or root flair is buried, not at the level of the soil surface it should be
name at least four signs or symptoms that may be evident in a tree trunk or limb that has been girdled by a rope wire or vine
die back
early fall color
early leaf drop
embedded rope or wire
swollen appearance above the point of girdling
list some symptoms caused by injury from equipment
scaring and partial girdling of trunk and effected branches
leaf scorching
stunted growth
wilting
die back
early fall color
secondary fungi growing on wound site
describe symptoms of road salt injury to plants
symptoms first often road salt are
witches broom
dead leaves and needles in early spring
steam cankers on side of plant where salt spray hits
what can you do to prevent phytotoxic injury to plants
Test a pesticide on a small number of plants before using. (read labels carefully)- Be aware of drift while applying herbicides.
Why do plants in flooded areas die?
Root rot - lack of oxygen to roots.
What are symptoms of frost and freeze injury?
symptoms depend on timing
- Water soaked foliage, followed by wilted/collapsed foliage or stems.- Blackening of browning of damaged plant parts.- Regrowth has ragged leaf margins/holes in leaves (easily confused with disease or insects)
What are symptoms of winter injury?
- Splitting of bark (frost cracking).- Sunscald.- Sunny winter days - southern/western sides of trunk are warmed, and bark expands.- At night, bark cools down to match air temp, tissues contract and bark splits.
What can you do to prevent transplant shock to balled and burlapped trees?
Cover with mulch to keep moisture inside.
T/F - Plant symptoms may be the result of multiple causes
true