invertebrate
animals that lack a vertebral column
vertebrate
is an animal that possesses an internal skeletal rod (commonly called a backbone) composed of units known as vertebrae
asymmetrical
sponge bodies are ____, or having parts that fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry.
invertebrates
the majority of animal sin the sea are
sessile
is a term applied to animals that are permanently attached to a solid surface
porifera
sessile
sponges are in phylum ____
these are simple, asymmetric, ____ animals
shape
sponges exhibit a wide variety of sizes and shapes, and their ____ is frequently determined by the shape of the bottom sediments or material on which they are growing and by the water currents flowing over them
ostia
a sponge's body is full of tiny holes, or pores, called ____, through which large amounts of water circulate
nutrients
oxygen
wastes
the water that circulates inside a sponge is a source of _____ and ____, and it carries aways the animal's ____
ostia
spongocoel
osculum
water enters a sponge through the _____ and eventually flows into a spacious cavity called the ____. Water then exits this cavity through a large opening called the _____
(sponges lack) tissues and organs
sponges lack ____, groups of specialized cells that perform a specific function, and ____. instead, they have a several special cell types that perform specific functions within the animal
collar cells or choanocytes
these sponge cells have a flagellum. The movement of the collar cells' flagella provides the force that moves water through the sponge's body.
pinacocytes
a layer of cells called _____ provides an outer covering for the sponge
they also line internal chambers that are not line by collar cells
amebocytes (archeaocytes)
____ are cells that can move through the sponge's body
These cells can form any of the cell types in the sponge's body and play an important role in repair and regeneration. They also transport food and other materials within a sponge's body
(cells that m
spicules
some specialized sponge cell types produce ______, skeletal elements that give support to a sponge's body.... these are important in finding out what species the sponge may be. you often have to digest the soft tissue away and do a microscopic analysis of
calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin
spicules may be composed of ___ ____, _____, or a protein called ____,
spongin
Demaspongia
silica
Hyalospongia
a)_____ can form flexible spicule fibers, allowing the dried sponge's skeleton to be flexible as in commercial sponge species... Class ____
b) Sponges known as glass sponges have spicules made of ____ that resemble glass fibers...Class ____
asconoid
the ____ sponge form is the simplest. it is tubular and ways small. sponges with this type of body are usually not found alone but in clusters. (small in size because the increase in the volume is not accompanied by a proportional increase in the surface
folding
body plan: the problem of water flow and surface area was overcome by ____ the body wall, in many species reducing the size of the spongocoel. the folding increases the surface area of the collar cell layer, and the reduction of the spongocoel that occurs
syconoid
sponges that exhibit the first stages of body-wall folding
in these sponges, there are many chambers lined with collar cells and the spongocoel is frequently reduced to a series of water canvas leading to an osculum
leuconoid
the highest degree of folding takes place in ____ sponges. In these sponges, there are many chambers lined with collar cells and the spongocoel is frequently reduced to a series of water canals leading to an osculum
this is the most efficient arrangement,
suspension feeder
filter feeders
because sponges feed on material that is suspended in the seawater they are called ___
they are also referred to as ____ ____ because they filter their food from the water
pinacocytes
amebocytes
choanoctyes
large food particles are engulfed and digested by ______ and ____ along the sponge's system, of canals that carry water from the ostia to the spongocoels. Approximately 80 percent of a sponge's food is trapped by the ___ ___and consists of smaller particl
flagellum
each oval-shaped collar cell that lines the chambers within a sponge has a single _____ and a collar of finger-like cellular projections that strain food from the water
the beating of this piece creates a current that draws water in through the ostia and
bacteria, plankton, and detritus (engulfed and digested by various cells as the water moves through the sponge)
what do sponges eat?
archaeocytes
undigested
nitrogenous
most food particles are digested in the ____. These cells function in the stage of food
____ material and ____ wastes leave the sponge with the exiting water currents
asexually and sexually
sponges rerpoduce
budding
fragmentation
asexual reproduction can involve either ___ or ___
budding
in ____, a group of cells on the outer surface of the sponge develops and grows into tiny new sponge. After a certain size, this new sponge drops off and can establish itself near its parent or float with the currents to settle and mature elsewhere
this i
fragmentation
___ involves the production of a new sponge from pieces that are broken off by physical processes such as waves or storm or by predators. because the sponge is rather loosely organized anatomically, pieces of sponge can form new sponges if why contain eno
regenerate
sponges can easily _____. When piece is broken off or eaten, the sponge can readily replace the missing part
hermaphrodites
sperm
eggs
most sponges are ___, which means they can reproduce both male and female gametes although usually not both at the same time
____ cells are formed from modified collar cells
____ are usually formed from archaeocytes
water temp or photoperiod
then stimulus to produce gametes is usually a change in the ___ ____ or ____ (the relative amount of light and darkness in a 24-hr period)
collar cell
collar
during sexual reproduction
when sperm cell enters another sponge, it is engulfed by a ____ ____
both cells then lose their flagella and the ____ cell then transports the sperm to an egg
amphiblastula
the larval stage of most sponges is an ______, that spends time in the water column as plankton before settling and forming a new adult sponge
attachment
habitat
corals
bryozoans
chemicals
habitat
sponges' biggest problem is finding enough suitable solid material for ____...competition for _____
their primary competitors are ___ and ____
some sponge species produce ____ that either kill corals or inhibit their growth
other species, such as the bori
spicules
many produce toxic chemicals
very few animals feed on sponges
why?
few species of bony fish, molluscs, sea turtles (like the sea hawk turtle)
what are some sponge predators?
bacteria (bacteria provide food for the sponge and bacteria gets protection)
zooxanthellae
nutrients
oxygen
many sponges have symbiotic relationship with ___
many species of sponge that live on coral reefs contain symbiotic ____ in their bodies. the sponge gives protection and a sunlit habitat for the bacteria and the bacteria provide the sponge with ___ and __
calcium
boring sponges are important in recycling ____ in the marine environment
they burrow into coral and mollusk shells and convert the ___ into a soluble form that is retuned to the seawater for use by other organisms