The skeletal system is composed of how many bones?
206
Our muscles act under ____________ to produce movement
bones
Which system provides LEVERAGE, SUPPORT, and PROTECTION?
Skeletal System
AXIAL skeleton consists of:
Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum
APPENDICULAR skeleton consists of:
ALL bones of the:
Arms
Wrists
Hands
Legs
Ankles
Feet
Pelvic Girdle
Shoulder Girdle
Define Joint
Junctions of bones
Define Fibrous Joint
Allow virtually NO MOVEMENT
Example: Structures of the skull
Define Cartilaginous Joint
Allow LIMITED MOVEMENT
Example: Intervertebral discs of vertebra
Define Synovial Joint
Allow CONSIDERABLE MOVEMENT
Example: Elbows & Knees
Helps transfer nutrients to our bones at the joint regions
Synovial Fluid
Operate as a hinge; rotate about ONE axis
Uniaxial Joint
Operate in TWO perpendicular axis
Biaxial Joint
Define Multiaxial Joint
Allow movement in ALL THREE AXES
Example: Shoulder and Hip
Vertebral bones are separated by _____________ _____________ that allow for movement
flexible disks
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Total # of Cervical:
7
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Total # of Thoracic:
12
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Total # of Lumbar
5
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Total # of Sacral Vertebrae
5
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Total # of Coccygeal Vertebrae
3-5
MACROSTRUCTURE & MICROSTRUCTURE
Each Skeletal Muscle is an organ that contains Muscle tissue, Connective tissue, ____________, and ____________ _____________
Nerves and Blood Vessels
MACROSTRUCTURE & MICROSTRUCTURE
Fibrous Connective Tissue or ___________________ Covers MORE THAN ________ Skeletal Muscles
Epimysium, 430
What are the THREE types of Connective Tissue?
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
Epimysium
The Outer Layer of the muscle
(Tissue that surrounds ENTIRE muscle)
Perimysium
Surrounds each fascicle
(Fascicle: Bundle of fibers)
Endomysium
Surrounds INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
Cell/Plasma Membrane that surrounds the muscle fiber cells
Myofibril
Contain:
- Myofilaments (actin and myosin filaments) that involve gene expression that change the muscle itself
(For Reference: Myofibrils have MULTIPLE nuclei)
The ORIGIN of a muscle is going to be more....
PROXIMAL
Origin
The attachment site that DOESN'T MOVE during contraction
The INSERTION of a muscle is going to be more...
DISTAL
Insertion
The attachment site that DOES MOVE when the muscle contracts
A Motor Unit consists of a ___________ ___________ and the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor Neuron
There are typically ___________ ____________ muscle fibers in a SINGLE motor unit
Several Hundred
Myosin is ________ filament
THICK
Actin is _________ filament
THIN
Both Actin and Myosin filament gives skeletal muscle its _____________ appearance
STRIATED
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
ACTIN filaments at EACH END of a sarcomere, slide ______________ on MYOSIN filaments, pulling the _____-________ toward the __________ of the sarcomere
Inward, Z-lines, Center
CONTRACTION OF A MYOFIBRIL
In a STRETCHED muscle, the ___-_____ and ___-_____ are ELONGATED and there is LOW FORCE POTENTIAL
I-bands, H-zones
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
_______________ nutrients and _____________ waste products
Maintains _____________ _____________ to VITAL ORGANS
Participates in ________________________
Transports, Removes/ Perfusion Pressure/ Thermoregulation
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The right ventricle of the heart, pumps blood to the _____________
lungs
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The left ventricle pumps blood to the....
rest of the body
CARDIAC CONDUCTION
< 60 beats per min
Bradycardia
CARDIAC CONDUCTION
> 100 beats per min
Tachycardia
A graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
BLOOD
Hemoglobin transports oxygen and serves as an _________-__________ buffer
acid-base
BLOOD
Red Blood cells facilitate _____________ ____________ removal
carbon dioxide
The DISCHARGE of an ACTION POTENTIAL from a __________ __________ signals the ____________ of calcium from the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM into the _____________, causing __________ development in muscle.
motor nerve, release, myofibril, tension
The sliding filament theory is from which system?
muscular system
When muscles contract, the I-bands and H-zone are __________________
shortened
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Sliding-filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
Name the Phases:
Resting Phase
Excitation- Contraction Coupling Phase
Contraction Phase
Recharge Phase
Relaxation Phase
________________ and ________ are NECESSARY for CROSSBRIDGE cycling with __________ and ___________ filaments
Calcium, ATP, Actin, Myosin
The number of ___________________ that are formed between actin and myosin dictates the __________ production of a muscle
crossbridges, force
MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT DURING EXERCISE
The ________ output of a MUSCLE can be VARIED through change in the _________________ of activation of __________________ motor units or change in the NUMBER of activated motor units.
force, frequency, individual
NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
________________ are specialized ___________ receptors that provide the central nervous system with information needed to maintain _________ ________ and perform complex ____________ movements.
Proprioceptors, sensory, muscle tone, coordinated