_______ is the study of human motion or human movement.
Kinesiology
_________ is the study of the human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system.
Anatomic kinesiology
_________ is the study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement.
Structural kinesiology
The anatomical fundamental (or functional) position is the same as anatomic neutral with one exception:
palms are facing towards the body
A ________ is an imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved.
plane of motion
Motion occurs in or through a plane, revolving around ______.
an axis
There is a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion and ______ , which is perpendicular to the plane motion.
its axis
vertical plane that divides the body into medial and lateral parts.
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
frontal (or coronal) plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into inferior and superior parts.
transverse plane
The axis (axes) will be ___________ to the planes
perpendicular
Motion occurs about the Medial-Lateral Axis/Bi-Lateral Axis/Frontal Axis.
sagittal plane
Motion occurs about the Antero-posterior Axis/Sagittal Axis.
frontal plane
Motion occurs about the Polar Axis/Vertical Axis/Superior-Inferior Axis.
transverse plane
The point at which all three mid-cardinal planes intersect is the _______.
center of mass (com).
Typically involves movement in the sagittal plane.
flexion and extension
Typically involves a movement in the frontal plane.
adduction and abduction
Adult skeleton is composed of _____ bones.
206
The axial skeleton consists of _____ bones.
80
The appendicular skeleton consists of ____ bones.
126
________ is the process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
Bone tissue is known as ______ tissue.
osseous
spongy bone
trabecular bone
compact bone
cortical bone
Erythropoiesis and platelet formation occur in the ________.
red bone marrow
_________ is the membrane covering the surface of bone.
Periosteum
The periosteum contains:
- blood and lymph vessels
- nerves
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
long cylindrical shaft
diaphysis
ends of long bones formed from cancellous bone
epiphysis
cancellous bone
spongy (trabecular) bone
hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
cortex
fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
endosteum
between the walls of the diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
medullary (marrow) cavity
thin cartilage plate that separates the diaphysis and epiphyses
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
______ provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension in bone.
Collagen
If ________ is removed, bone is too brittle.
collagen
If ______ is removed, bone is too pliable.
mineral
Wolff's Law
bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them
Longitudinal growth occurs at the _______.
epiphyseal plate
________ growth results from an increased cross sectional area and remains metabolically active throughout lifespan.
Circumferential growth
Wolff law factors into _______ growth.
circumferential
______ provide strength but lack flexibility.
Collagen
______ can stretch and provide flexibility to return to their former shape but lack strength.
Elastin
connect muscle to bone
tendons
connect bone to bone
ligaments
The bone is loaded along its long axis pulling the bone in opposite directions.
tension
The bone is loaded along the long axis pushing the bone towards the center.
compression
Forces acting in opposite directions causing tension on the longer side and compression on the smaller side.
bending
Adult bone is weaker in ________ , and usually breaks on that side (longer side).
tension
Forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the bone.
shear
Forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the bone.
torsion
The scientific study of joints concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints.
Arthrology
Fibrous joints are joined by _____.
collagen
Cartilaginous joints are joined by _______.
cartilage
Joints that are not directly joined are called _______.
synovial joints
immovable joints
synarthrodial
slightly movable joints
amphiarthrodial
two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseous membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
syndesmosis
joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones
symphysis
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones
synchondrosis
freely movable joints
diarthrodial
Diarthrodial joints are composed of a "sleeve-like" joint capsule which secretes _______ to lubricate the joint cavity.
synovial fluid
Types of diarthrodial joints
- Plane/Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid (ellipsoid ball-and-socket)
- Saddle
- Enarthrodial (ball-and-socket)
movement occurs when one bones slides past another.
Plane/Gliding (Arthrodial)
Movement permits a wide range of movement but only in one plane.
Hinge (Ginglymus)
Rotational movement around a long axis
Pivot (Trochoid)
Movement can occur in two planes, but without rotation.
Condyloid (ellipsoid ball-and-socket)
Surfaces fit together like a rider on a saddle.
Saddle (sellar)
Movement can occur in all 3 planes
Ball-and-Socket (Enarthrodial)
A ________ is used to measure amount of movement in a joint and/or measure joint angles.
goniometer
______ is the area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved.
Range of motion (ROM)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
physiological movements
resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from the physiological movements
osteokinematic motion
For ________ to occur, there must be movement between the joint articular surfaces.
osteokinematic motions
motion between articular surfaces
arthrokinematics
Types of accessory motion
spin, roll, glide
If _________ is prevented from occurring, then physiological motion cannot occur to any substantial degree other than by joint compression or distraction.
accessory motion
Due to most diarthrodial joints being composed of a concave surface articulating with a convex surface, ______ and _____ must occur together to some degree.
roll, glide