Planes of Movement
sagittal, frontal, transverse
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into the left and right halves
Frontal Plane
also called coronal plane, divides the body into front and back
Transverse Plane
divides the body into upper and lower parts
Superior
structure closer to the head
Inferior
closer to the feet
Cranial
closer to the head
Caudal
closer to the buttocks
Posterior
structure further toward the back of the body
Anterior
structure further in front
Medial
structure closer to the midline or center of body
Lateral
structure further away from the midline
Distal
structure further away from the trunk or body's midline
Proximal
structure closer to the trunk
Superficial
structure closer to the body's surface
Deep
structure deeper in the body
Extension
movement that straightens or opens a joint
Flexion
movement that bends a joint or brings the bones closer together
Adduction
brings a limb medially toward the body's midline
Abduction
moves a limb laterally away from the midline
Medial Rotation
occurs at the shoulder and hip joints, turns in toward the midline
Lateral Rotation
occurs at the shoulder and hip joints, swings the limb away from the midline
Rotation
pertains only to the axial skeleton, specifically the head and vertebral column, happens along the transverse plane
Circumduction
only at shoulder and hip joints, involves a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction; together these actions create a cone-shaped movement
Elevation
movement of the scapula and jaw, movement superiorly
Depression
movement of the scapula and jaw, movement inferiorly
Lateral Flexion
occurs only at the axial skeleton, when the neck or vertebral column bends laterally to the side
Supination
pivoting action of the forearm, occurs when the radius and ulna lie parallel to one another (soup)
Pronation
pivoting action of the forearm, occurs when radius crosses over the ulna, turning palm down (spill soup)
Supine
to lie face up
Prone
to lie face down
Side Lying
to lie on side with a bolster placed between the knees and a pillow under the head
Inversion
a combination of movements of several joints of the feet, elevates the foot's medial side and brings the sole of the foot medially
Eversion
a combination of movements of several joints of the feet, elevates the foot's lateral side and moves the sole laterally
Plantar Flexion
only refers to movement at the ankle, moving the ankle to point your foot into the earth or stepping on a car's gas pedal
Dorsiflexion
only refers to movement at the ankle, moving the ankle to let off the gas pedal
Protraction
pertain to the scapula, clavicle, head and jaw, occurs when one of the structures move anteriorly
Retraction
pertain to the scapula, clavicle, head and jaw, occurs when one of the structures move posteriorly
Deviation
to wander from the usual course, occurs at the mandible during talking or chewing
Opposition
happens only at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, when the thumbpad crosses the palm toward the last finger
Axial Skeleton
the skeleton's center, includes the cranium - vertebral - column - ribs - sternum - hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton
the skeleton's arms, legs, including the scapula, clavicle, and hips
Ball-And-Socket Joint
spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone, capable of movement in every plane
Ellipsoid Joint
oval-shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone, permits flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
Hinge Joint
allows only flexion and extension, similar to the movements of a door hinge
Saddle Joint
a modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces (like two saddles)
Gliding Joint
usually between two flat surfaces and allows the least movement of all synovial joints
Origin
the attachment to the more stationary bone
Insertion
the connection to the more mobile bone
ball an socket joint example
shoulder
elliposal joint example
wrist
hinge joint example
elbow
saddle joint example
thumb
gliding joint (plane) example
wrist (carpal), foot (tarsal)
pivot joint example
first 2 vertebrates for neck, wrist supination and pronation
ways muscles are named
size, shape, number of origins, action, direction of fibers, attachment sites