variable
a symbol used to represent an unknown value
coefficient
a number multiplied by a variable
rate of change
a ratio comparing two variables; represented as the slope of a line
constant
a number on it's own that doesn't change
scatter plot
a graph that shows the relationship between two sets of data
hypotenuse
the longest side of a right triangle
leg
one of two sides that make a 90 degree angle in a right triangle
function
a special relation where every domain has exactly one range
linear equation
has a constant rate; the graph is a straight line
relation
A list of ordered pairs
supplementary angles
two or more angles that add up to 180 degrees
complementary angles
two or more angles that add up to 90 degrees
13th Amendment
abolished slavery in the United States
14th Amendment
all U.S. born citizens are guaranteed equal protection of the law
15th Amendment
the right to vote can't be denied based on race or color
Freedmen's Bureau
federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War
Ku Klux Klan
a secret society that used terror to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights
Plessy vs Ferguson
Supreme Court ruling that states "separate but equal" facilities are constitutional
Poll Tax
requirement that citizens pay money in order to vote, designed to prevent African Americans from voting
Reconstruction
time period after the Civil War when the US is rebuilt, reunited and attempts were made to provide relief to newly freed slaves
Segregation
separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. state laws that supported this in the South were called Jim Crow Laws.
Sharecropping
labor system in which landowners leased land in return for a portion of the crops, trapping them into a cycle of debt to the white plantation owners
Great Migration
Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.
10 Percent Plan
Abraham Lincoln's plan for reconstruction to reunite the nation as quickly as possible
Jim Crow laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of the races in the South
literacy tests
Requirement that voters be able to read, designed to prevent African Americans from voting
child labor
using children to work in factories and businesses to be wage earners for their family
industrialization
the change from an economy based on farming to manufacturing from 1865-1900
labor union
A group of workers dedicated to improving wages, hours and working conditions for all.
strike
organized work stoppage to force an employer to address union demands
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
site of 1911 fire that killed 146 women and brought attention to poor working conditions
urbanization
rapid growth of city populations because of increased immigration and industrialization
immigration
act of an individual moving into a region or country to live permanently
Ellis Island
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy
Nativism
An attitude toward preventing immigration because it was thought they took jobs from Americans for lower wages. The Chinese Exclusion Act is a law that limited immigration from China.
tenement
Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived
political machine
An unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power and usually headed by a single, powerful boss
How the Other Half Lives
A book by the muckraker, John Riis, that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements
foreign policy
a nation's overall plan for dealing with other nations. Decisions are based on spreading philosophy, protecting citizens, gaining power and increasing profits
Sioux Wars
series of armed conflicts between Plains Indian tribes and the U.S. Army (1864-1890)
reservations
areas of federal land set aside for American Indians. displacement removing a group of people from their traditional lands
Dawes Act
1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to assimilate Native American to the American culture
imperialism
a foreign policy of extending their power over weaker foreign countries
Spanish-American War
a war between the United States and Spain over the control of Cuba. US gained overseas markets and sources of raw materials
yellow journalism
when newspaper publishers sensationalize news events, USS Maine: Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War
Roosevelt Corollary
addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs
Assimilate
to adopt or take on the traditions of the larger or surrounding group.
Panama Canal
manmade waterway linking the Atlantic to the Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama to decrease shipping times
annexation
a method used by the US to acquire US overseas markets and sources of raw materials by force or purchase. The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898.
diplomacy
Working with another country through negotiation rather than force. Ex. The Open Door Policy in China gained overseas markets and sources of raw materials
Transcontinental Railroad
transportation system completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, that linked the US coasts and expanded interstate commerce nationwide
sweatshop
workplace where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
reform
a change in government policy that is meant to make improvements
muckraking
a form of journalism concerned with reforming government and business conduct.
monopoly
A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good or service without effective competition. The Sherman Anti-trust Act was passed to stop this unfair business practice
Progressive Era
A period of American history from 1880 to 1920 associated with the reform of government to correct the social and political problems of society
minimum wage
lowest legal payment that can be paid to most workers.
world war 1
conflict involving some of the world's most powerful and populous countries between 1914-1918
militarism
a policy of building up a strong armed forces to prepare for war
alliance
a formal agreement establishing an association between nations. An example is United States, France and Great Britain joined in common effort, such as winning a war.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
His assassination was the "spark" that was an immediate cause of World War I
propaganda
ideas spread to influence public opinion
casualties
People who are killed, wounded, captured, or missing in a war. New military technology contributed to the unprecedented number during WWI
Treaty of Versailles
agreement that ended World War I and required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations.
Roaring Twenties
the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement, optimism, and changing morals; symbolized best by the "flapper.
19th Amendment
(1920) gave women suffrage, or the right to vote
Prohibition
the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was forbidden in the US by the 18th Amendment, causing an increase in organized crime. Ends with passage of 21st Amendment
Harlem Renaissance
a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.
nationalism
pride in one's country; it was a cause of WWI
trench warfare
Type of fighting used in WWI where opposing sides attacked from ditches protected by barbed wire
democracy
government by the people. President Woodrow Wilson promoted this idea around the world to persuade Congress to enter World War I
Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson's post World War I plan for avoiding future wars.
Great Depression
a severe, worldwide economic disaster which included high unemployment and overproduction. Lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II.
stock market crash
(1929) The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic on "Black Tuesday," October 29, 1929.
economic depression
a period when business activity slows, prices and wages drop, and unemployment rises
Dust Bowl
region of the Great Plains that experienced a decade long drought in 1930s, forcing many farmers without homes or work to leave
unemployment rate
measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.
poverty
inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
New Deal
a series of interventions enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Social Security
government system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65
hooverville
group of shacks in which homeless lived during the Great Depression
bread lines
Groups of hungry people waiting outside charitable organizations for free meals during the Great Depression
Bank Crisis
A major cause of the Great Depression when large numbers of anxious people withdrew their deposits in cash, forcing thousands of banks to close
Fireside Chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio that increased the confidence of the people
World War II
(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and the Pacific between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers
Holocaust
a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II.
totalitarianism
The governments of Germany, Italy, and Japan before World War II used a political system in which the government,or dictator, has total control over the lives of individual citizens.
Pearl Harbor
a naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, forcing the U.S to enter WWII
island hopping
Allied military strategy of conquering Pacific islands that were important to the advance toward Japan
D-Day
Allied invasion on June 6, 1944 to take back France from Germany
home front
the civilian population of a country at war that are acting as support for the war effort
internment
In reaction to the attack on Pearl Harbor, a policy of putting Japanese-Americans in detention camps during World War 2
atomic bomb
weapon used by United States on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in an effort to quickly end WWII
United Nations
an international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, cooperation and promote human rights, the freedom and security that belongs to all people
rationing
the limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy, often used during wartime, when goods are in short supply
communism
a political and economic system where natural resources, labor and capital are owned and directed by the state
Cold War
(1945-1991) period after WWII marked by a rivalry between differing ideologies of the nuclear superpowers, the US and the communist Soviet Union. Ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991.
nuclear superpower
nations with enough power to influence events in many areas around the globe because it possess a weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power comes from a chemical reaction.
containment
a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman, in which the US tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet influences
Marshall Plan
a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) as an attempt to stop the spread of communism
Cuban Missile Crisis
an international crisis in October 1962, the closest to nuclear war at any time, when the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island.
terrorism
use of violence or fear to achieve certain goals
globalization
increasing interaction among people and places in the world. Results in deepening relationships and increasing interdependence without regard to country borders.
arms race
a competition between nations to have the most powerful weapons
Department of Homeland Security
US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism
USA Patriot Act
law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties
Berlin Wall
the barrier built in 1961 to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. It was torn down in 1989, symbolizing the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.
Vietnam War
1965-1975, the US supported non-communist in Southeast Asia to contain communism. Conflict led to passionate protests on the home front
Korean War
US attempt to contain communism from 1950 to 1953 in Eastern Asia
Space race
A competition of aerospace technology between the United States and Soviet Union.
iron curtain
a symbolic split between the democratic nations and communist nations in the world
Baby Boom
a period of 20 years, following WWII when there were 30 million births, an unusually high number.
suburbanization
movement of upper and middle class people from urban areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution and deteriorating social conditions.
infrastructure
The basic structures and facilities (roads, bridges and buildings) needed for the operation of a society,
domestic policy
a nation's plan for dealing with issues inside its borders
Civil Rights Movement
the effort to end segregation during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people worked together to change unfair laws by giving speeches, marching in the streets, and participating in boycotts.
civil disobedience
nonviolent method of protest. Martin Luther King, Jr., urged his followers to disobey unjust laws to achieve justice
Brown v Board of Education
1954 Supreme Court case that ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
Medicare and Medicaid
Great Society programs to have the government provide medical aid to the elderly and the poor.
counterculture
young Americans in 1960s who rejected conventional customs & mainstream culture. Members are nicknamed "hippies," advocated free love and drug use and opposed the war in Vietnam.
Great Society
President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation
fiscal conservatives
people who favor lower taxes & less government spending
NAACP
Organization which fought for civil rights for African Americans, mainly through court cases
Montgomery Bus Boycott
After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a successful protest against segregation of public transportation
Voting Rights Act
law passed in 1965 that banned all literacy tests that kept many African Americans from voting
Civil Rights Act
law passed in 1964 that banned discrimination of any American because of race, gender, or religion
Aerobic Respiration
turning food into energy with the use of oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
turning food into energy without the use of oxygen
Asexual Reproduction
creating more organisms with the involvement of one parent
Excretion
getting rid of wastes made during cellular respiration
Growth
increase in size of cell or cell number
Homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment
Nutrition
obtaining and making use of substances that provide energy
Regulation
responding to the environment using nerves / hormones
Sexual Reproduction
creating more organisms with the involvement of two parents
Synthesis
making complex materials from simple ones
Transport
moving materials within and organsim
Tundra
Coldest and driest biome. Layers of permafrost, long winters and months of total darkness
Taiga (Evergreen Forest)
World's largest land biome. No permafrost with long cold winters and short summers.
Grasslands
Rich soil (for crops), but not enough rain for trees and cold winters.
Tropical Rainforest
Hot and humid biome found close to the equator, with lots of plant and animal diversity.
Temperate forest (Deciduous forest)
Four (4) seasons, rainfall spread through the year, and rich soil (Virginia)
Marine
Salt water biome. Includes oceans, seas, and estuaries that cover about 75% of the planet
Freshwater
Still and flowing bodies of water surrounded by land (like lakes, ponds, rivers, streams)?
Adaptation
Physical or behavioral features of an organism that help them to survive in their environment.
Ecosystem
A system made up of an ecological community of living things interacting with their environment especially under natural conditions
Everything that exists in a particular environment
...
Biome
Large geographic areas that have similar climates.
Dependent Variable
Part of an experiment that changes as a result of the procedure (the data collected in an experiment)
Controlled Variables
Parts of an experiment kept the same to make things fair
Hypothesis
An educated guess regarding the answer to a questions.
Data
Information gathered during an experiment
Observation
Information gathered directly from five senses.
Inference
A guess based on observation.
Independent Variable
Part of an experiment that is change to see what happens. (Manipulated Variable.)
Procedure
Steps in an experiment
Qualitative
Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.
Quantitative
Data that is in the form of numerical measurements
aloof
Remain distant from others; remote
bewildered
State of being perplexed or confused
bleak
Dreary; gloomy or somber
brisk
Very active
contemptuous
Without respect; in a hateful manner
cunning
Skilled in being deceptive
dumbfounded
Surprised or bewildered
elude
To evade or escape from
fend
To ward off or defend
gallant
Valiant; noble; very courteous
gingerly
With extreme caution or care
incredulous
Not believable
indignant
Angered at something unjust or unfair
menacing
Something that is dangerous or threatening
ornery
Mean-spirited; disagreeable
reckless
Rash; foolhardy; disregarding consequences of one's actions or behaviors
reluctant
Unwilling to become involved; resistant
rival
One who attempts to equal or surpass another; a competitor
sullen
Gloomy or somber; brooding
wistful
Full of wishful thinking; in a sad but thoughtful state; pensive
Onomatopoeia
When the word is a sound: such as boom, pow, whack
Theme
The lesson or message we can learn from the story
Conflict
The major problem that the protagonist faces: Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Self, Man vs. Society, Man vs. Self
Mood:
How the story makes you feel. The choice of setting, characters, descriptions, etc can all affect the mood of the story.
Imagery
Any description that uses the five senses, hearing, taste, touch, sight, or smell, to elaborate and create a picture in our imagination
Exposition
Anything that gives background information about the characters or events
Allusion
A reference in a book or poem to another person, place, thing or another book or poem, in history. For example: In The Outsiders the poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is an example of an allusion.
Characterization
How the author develops a character. Characterization can include elements such as: how the character dresses, how they talk, physical descriptions, what their attitude is, etc
Symbolism
: When an object means more that what it actually is. For example: The American flag is literally the flag, but it also symbolizes the United States or freedom
Personification
When an animal or an object is given human like characteristics
Motif
a recurring object or theme: For example: In The Outsiders we see the recurring motif of the East vs. the West
Simile
a comparison using like or as
Metaphor
a comparison that does not use like or as
Hyperbole
an extreme exaggeration. For example: I had a ton of homework!
Foreshadowing
a literary device that allows the author to give hints of what is to come.
Flashback
a literary device that allows the author to explain events that happened before. Gives background information
Sarcasm
the use of irony to be funny or sometimes hurtful. For example, if someone said "Yea. I'm sure Mrs. Hartford is going to be the next basketball star." It is kind of funny because I am so short and not talented at basketball.
Irony
When the opposite of what is expected happens. For example: If a police station was robbed or a fire station catches on fire.
Tone
The writer's attitude towards the topic he or she is writing about. The tone can be formal, informal, serious, sad, sarcastic, funny, etc
Denouement
The resolution of a dramatic narrative plot
duress
the act of forcible restraint; coercion
elusive
Tending to escape; difficult to retain
enunciating
To pronounce with clarity
poignant
Painfully affecting the feeling of
Precarious
Dangerously lacking in stability
pristine
Remaining in a pure state; uncorrupted
stupor
A state of extreme apathy or lethargy often resulting from stress or shock
surly
Irritable sullen and rude
vigil
A devotion, a watch kept during the night hours
ascend
To move upward
acclimatize
To respond physiologically or behaviorally to complex environmental factors
alleged
Believed to be true without proof
audacious
Fearless and daring
auspicious
Successful
Begrudgingly
To look at with disapproval, reluctance to give, grant or allow
Concur
To be in agreement
daunting
intimidating or discouraging
debilitated
To take away strength
demeanor
Outward manner or behavior
belittle
To speak of as small or unimportant; to put down
capitulate
To surrender or give in
caustic
Capable of burning as a "caustic chemical
Hurtful or painful as a caustic remark- sarcastic
...
cleave
To cling or adhere
coalesce
To come together to form a united group or whole with a single purpose
exterminate
To destroy completely; to wipe out
extravagant
Describes an action or event that beyond reason or proper limits
ghetto
A section of a city where a particular group lives
(WWII: a section of a city where groups were confined)
...
intolerable
Unbearable , too painful to endure
malicious
Spiteful or mean with a desire to harm others
Rave
To speak wildly; to roar or rage
refrain
A repeated phrase in a song or poem; to hold back from
Repose
A long rest; to lie at rest to relax
rescind
To take back to cancel
sagacity
Wisdom that comes with age or experience
stealth
An action that is so quiet or secret as to be undetectable
Stifle
To muffle or suppress
suave
Smoothly polite; overly proper
Trifle
An unimportant object or idea; to bother with something unimportant
wanton
Without morals or conscience; unusually cruel
awe
A mixture of wonder, respect and sometimes fear
Crevice
A small crack or opening
Cryptic
Mysterious or puzzling
Dearth
A scarce supply; a lack of
Devious
In a dishonest or mischievous way
Distinct
Easily noticed with the five senses; clear
Extol
To praise highly
Gaze
To look at one thing for a long time
Hideous
Horrible or extremely unpleasant
Marrow
The innermost part; the very center or core
System of Equations
Two or more equations that share variables
Solution to a System of Equations
Where the lines intersect
Systems that Cross Once
Has One solution
Lines that Never Cross
Parallel Lines. Has No Solution