Grange
the Patrons of Husbandry�a social and educa- tional organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century
Social Darwinist
an economic and social philosophy�supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection�holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.
George Armstrong Custer
reported that the
Black Hills had gold "from the grass roots down," a gold rush was on.
Little Big Horn
(custard last stand) George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry vs. Sioux Indians
Dawes Act
a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to "Americanize" Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.
bimetallism
the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system.
Eugene V. Debs
who attempted to form such an industrial union�the American Railway Union (ARU).
Andrew Carnegie
was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. His rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities, made him a model of the American success story. (Steel)
Henry Bessemer
British manufacturer and created technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
Battle of Wounded Knee
the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890.
Great Plains
the vast grassland that extends through the central portion North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains.
homesteader
U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for five years;
Morrill Act
aws enacted in 1862 and 1890 to help create agricultural colleges by giving federal land to states.
Cross of Gold" speech
Bryan thought this was nominated for presidency by both the democrats and populist
William McKinley
As the 1896 campaign progressed, the Republican Party stated its firm commitment to the gold standard and nominated Ohioan for president.
William Jennings Bryan
director of the Omaha World-Herald, delivered an impassioned address to the assembled delegates.
Alexander Graham Bell
Next to the light bulb, however, perhaps the most dramatic invention was the telephone.
Christopher Sholes
invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work.
John D. Rockefeller
Corporations such as the Standard Oil Company, established , took a different approach to mergers: they joined with competing companies in trust agreements.
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Republican Party
a government in which the citizens rule through elected representatives.
Chisholm Trail
the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas
Pony Express
A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days.
reservations
areas of federal land set aside for American Indians
Sand Point, CO
where sand creek massacre was.
Populism
a late-19th-century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers.
assimilation
a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.
Thomas Alva Edison
became a pio- neer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey
Ghost Dance
a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead
Sitting Bull
(Tatanka Iyotanka), leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux, had never signed it.
Sand Creek Massacre
five hundred peaceful Cheyenne lived here and were attacked without warning by the army, nearly 175 were killed and mutilated.
Chief Joseph
of the New peace led his people in an attempt to resist the takeover of their lands in the state of region by white settlers orders to move the reservation in Idaho.
exoduster
an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years.
Promontory Point
Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed
Robber Baron
It put tycoons on the defensive and turned public opinion against them, their businesses and their business practices.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
It made trust (and monopolies) illegal interstate and international trade; made it possible to prosecute companies
wages
very low in relation to output
Factory Conditions
Often unsafe, dangerous; many accidents
Accident Insurance
Non- existent
Jobs for women
Domestic; office and textile mills, generally unskilled
Women's Wages
always lower than men; black women earned less than white
Child labor
factory and textile industry; long hours, low pay; orphans are often abused
Knights of labor
union for skilled and unskilled; includes women and African American; organized cooperatives to make workers independent
American Federation of Labor
Organized by Samuel Gompers skilled laborers