inverse projection problem
when the object is on our retina and we have to determine what it is
viewpoint invariance
able to recognize an object no matter what point of view you see it from
grouping
visual events that are put together into units or objects
segregation
separate one area or object from another
chunking
chunking similar objects together automatically
structuralism
breaking an object down into its most basic parts
apparent motion
something appears to be moving but it actually is not
illusory contours
contours (or lines) created are not really there
good continuation
when points are connected, they result in a straight, smooth curving line & they're seen as together
pragnanz
every stimulus pattern is seen in the simplest way possible
similarity
similar figures or objects seem to be grouped together
proximity
objects near each other seem to be grouped together
common fate
objects moving in the same direction seem to be grouped together
common region
elements in the same space appear to be grouped together
uniform connectedness
connected region of the same visual property, whether it be light, color, texture, or motion, those appear to be grouped together as a single unit
scene
a view of the real-world environment that contains background elements & multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way relative to each other and to the background
gist of a scene
when we get the general idea of what is occurring without seeing the entire scene
global image features
degree of naturalness, degrees of openness, color, degree of roughness, degree of expansion
semantics
meaning of a scene, what's occurring
theory of unconscious inference
our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the enviornment
attention
when we pay specific attention to an object while ignoring others
visual scanning
mechanism for selecting things in our environment
fixation
when you're scanning a scene looking for a certain object and you get stuck on a particular part of the photo
saccadic eye movement
when your eyes are darting around
overt attention
when you're looking directly at something
covert attention
not looking directly at something, but you're still attending to it
attentional capture
doing one thing, but then our attention is taken to something else that is more salient
scene schemas
observer's knowledge about what is supposed to be in a certain scene
spatial attention
when your attention is fixated on a specific location
precueing
way to draw attention to a specific location
binding
when features (color, form, motion, and location) come together to create our perception of an object
visual search
when we look for an object among many other objects
feature search
find one feature (vertical)
conjunction search
horizontal and vertical
inattentional blindness
we don't see something in front of us because we aren't attending to it
change blindness
when something changes from one picture to another
task irrelevant stimuli
don't provide relevant information for the task at hand
perceptual capacity
each person has a specific capacity for carrying out perceptual tasks
perceptual load
amount of perceptual capacity needed to perform a task