Creswell - Chapter 1

Qualitative Research

exploring and understanding meaning of social or human problems emerging questions and procedures data collected in natural setting data analysis inductive style

Quantitative Research

examines relationships among variables variables measured with instruments statistical analysis final report: introduction literature and theory methods results discussion

Mixed Methods Research

combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches in tandem philosophical assumptions

Research Design

the plan or proposal to conduct research intersection of philosophy strategies of inquiry specific methods

Philosophical Worldview

basic set of beliefs that guide action also known as epistemology ontology

Postpositivism

Philosophical Worldview: all cause and effect is a probability that may or may not occur.

Social Constructivism

Philosophical Worldview: individuals seek understanding through interaction with others and through historical and cultural norms that operate in individuals' lives.

transformative framework

A believe that knowledge is not neutral and it reflects the power and social relationships within society; thus, the purpose of knowledge construction is to aid people to improve society

Pragmatism

Philosophical Worldview: a belief in the actions, situations, and consequences of inquiry�rather than antecedent conditions (as in postpositivism). There is a concern with applications�"what works"�and solutions to problems.

Quantitative Strategies

Experimental designs (specific treatment influences an outcome) Non-experimental designs (e.g., surveys - trends, attitudes, opinions of a population by studying samples) (1 of 2)

Qualitative Strategies

narrative research phenomenology ethnographies grounded theory studies case study

Mixed Methods Strategies

sequential concurrent transformative Campbell and Fisk (1959)

ethnography

researcher studies an intact cultural group, natural setting over a long period of time

grounded theory

derives general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in views of participants; constant comparison of data with emerging categories and sampling of different groups to compare simularities and differences

case studies

explores in depth a program, process, event variety of data collection over a period of time

phenomenological research

study small number of subjects through extensive and prolonged engagement to develop patterns and relationships of meaning

narrative research

researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives; retold in narrative chronology

Quantitative Methods

pre-determined instrument based performance data, attitude data, observational data, and census data statistical analysis statistical interpretation

Mixed Methods

both pre-determined and emerging methods both open-ended and close-ended questions multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities statistical and text analysis across databases interpretation

Qualitative Methods

emerging methods open-ended questions interview data, observation data, document data, and audio-visual data text and image analysis themes, patterns interpretation

Method Choice

depends on whether the intent is to specify the type of information to be collected in advance of the study or allow it to emerge from participants in the project

Quantitative Approaches

post-positivist knowledge claims surveys and experiments close-ended questions predetermined approaches numeric data tests or verifies theories or explanations identifies variables in study relates variables in questions or hypotheses uses standards of va

Qualitative Approaches

constructivist and advocacy/particpatory knowledge claims phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case study, narrative open-ended questions emerging approaches text or image data positions herself collects participant meanings focuses on a single co

Mixed Method Approaches

pragmatic knowledge claims sequential, concurrent, and transformative both open-ended questions, both emerging and predetermined approaches, both quantitative and qualitative data and analysis collects both quantitative and qualitative data develops a rat

Determining Research Design

worldview strategy methods research problem personal experiences audience

Postmodernism

A belief that knowledge claims must be set within the conditions of the world today and in the multiple perspectives of class, race, gender, and other group affiliations.

Feminist research

A worldview that centers on and make problematic women's diverse situations and the institutions that frame those situations.

Critical theory

A worldview concerned with empowering human beings to transcend the constraints placed on them by race, class, and gender

Critical race theory

This worldview focuses theoretical attention on "studying and transforming the relationship between race, racism, and power