Describe two ways the matutos are held responsible for their own starvation, according to Jack David Eller.
They see their sickliness as a "weakness" of their "breed" or "race" and accuse themselves of being inferior
They are accused of poor eating habits, which is true but not voluntary: they can't afford meat and they lost their subsistence gardens; starchy f
In his paper "Cultural Violence," Johan Galtung argues that economic sanctions are a form of direct violence. Explain why Galtung calls sanctions direct violence as well as why they do not usually appear to be direct violence.
Sanctions are direct violence because to the victims, it means "slow but intentional killing through malnutrition and lack of medical attention"
They don't appear to be a form of direct violence because they make the chain of action longer to avoid facing
Explain what David Luban calls "the UN definition" of just and unjust wars. What is his own definition of what counts as just and unjust wars?
UN definition: (i) war is unjust if it's aggressive (ii) a war is just if it is a war of self-defense (against aggression)
Luban:
- Just war: (i) a war in defense of socially basic human rights OR (ii) a war of self-defense against an unjust war
- Unjust
What are three rights protected by Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
- Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment
- Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work
- Everyone has the right to f
Explain the three kinds of moral rights identified by Maurice Cranston and give an example of each.
- Rights of a specific individual
Ex: right to have someone staying with you abide by your house rules (no smoking, etc.)
- Rights of a particular group
Ex: right of parents to know what's going on with their children
- The moral rights of all people in a
What are three reasons that Charles Beitz gives to think that human rights should not be understood as natural rights?
1. Natural rights are supposed to be pre-institutional
2. NR are supposed to belong to people "naturally"
3. NR are supposed to be timeless
Core HR are none of these things
Describe 3 actions that Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) requires of signatory nations (Note: make sure it is clear how the reasons you identify are different from each o
(d) to refrain from engaging in any act or practice of discrimination against women to ensure that public authorities and institutions shall act in conformity with this obligation
(e) to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against wo
Explain three reasons that Uma Narayan believes that banning the practice of religious veiling will harm women.
1. It's counterproductive because they make it harder for religious women to get jobs and a good education
2. It produces backlash by forcing people to choose sides
3. It discounts the agency of women who choose to veil
Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink describe four different strategies that transnational advocacy networks pursue. Explain three of them.
Information politics: ability to generate info that can change the situation; not just reporting facts but framing them (testimony)
Symbolic politics: calling on symbols and stories that make sense of a situation (pics of burning rainforest)
Leverage poli
What kinds of issues are transnational advocacy networks most effective at addressing, according to Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink? Give an example.
bodily harm and legal equality
ex: female genital mutilation (FGM)
As Clifford Bob notes, the Tibetan freedom struggle has been internationally famous for decades while "no one is planning an Uighur Freedom Concert in Washington D.C." even though the Uighur people face political problems as grave as those facing Tibetans
- Media attention through television, awards, and violent protests
- Simplify and universalize claims making them relevant to the broader missions and interests of key global players
- Having a gifted individual leader who can sell their cause to an inter
Explain the difference between intrinsic harms and aggregate harms, according to Anne Schwenkenbecker, and give an example of each.
- Intrinsic: harm resulting from an action that is intrinsically wrong
Ex: killing someone is wrong
- Aggregate: harm resulting from actions when their consequences accumulate
CO2 emissions (lead to GCC)
Explain three rules of the world order that harm the poor, according to Thomas Pogge.
1. Facilitating bribery by foreign firms
2. Structural incentivizing of elites
3. Rules of sovereign legitimacy: resource privilege and borrowing privilege
What three factors determine whether a person will lack access to sufficient food, according to Amartya Sen?
1. Endowment (wealth and productive assets)
2. Production possibilities (tech)
3. Exchange conditions
According to Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth, what are the two main reasons that foreign support for nonviolent resistance movements does not make them more likely to succeed?
Foreign support makes domestic politics less likely to support NVR because of:
- Legitimacy
- Free-riding
According to Leo Tolstoy, what would we need to know in order to justifiably conclude that we should kill a robber that's about to kill a child? What does Tolstoy think we can know?
- Killing is always wrong because we are "totally ignorant of what will result from our actions"
- "People will believe that they can foresee the results of hypothetical future actions" (81)
In Hind Swaraj, "the reader" argues that it's permissible to force a thief out of your house, but "the editor" disagrees. Explain how the editor thinks a person should respond to such a thief and why they think that response will be effective.
- Editor: "your belief that there is no connection between the means and the end is a great mistake . . . we reap exactly what we sow" (79)
- The means used change the meaning of the act: "only fair means can produce fair results" (82)
- "Your duty is not
In his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," MLK distinguishes just from unjust laws. What are two ways that he says we can tell the difference between them?
Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades [it] is unjust"
- Laws that a majority applies to a minority but not to itself
- Laws that a minority had no voice or vote in
Malcolm X says he's against segregated schools, but also says that he doesn't believe in integrated schools. Explain his definition of segregation as well as the response to segregation that he prefers to integration.
- "A segregated community is one in which people live, but outsiders control the politics and the economy of that community" (42)
- Blacks need to control their own community, schools, banks, economy; separation takes them away from the white man's contro
Malcolm X and MLK have different views about violence as an effective means of social change. For each, give one reason they believed violence is or is not effective.
MX: NV is ineffective and violence is
- If a cop puts a police dog on you, kill the dog to stop them from attacking you; if you don't stand up and defend yourself, your children will be shameful of you
MLK: NV brings hidden tension to the surface and dram
Citizen warrior
Tickner:
- Proof of manliness ? must fight or seen as weak ? increase mentality that war is glorifying
- Borrowed from ancient Greek love of honor and sacrifice in battle
- Tickner argues for redefinition of citizen as defender, not warrior
- Women should
Prisoner's Dilemma
Two criminals are caught and imprisoned separately. Each is offered the same deal: rat out the other and get a shorter sentence. The problem: if they both rat out each other, they both get longer sentences than if they had both kept quiet.
boomerang pattern
Keck and Sikkink:
Occurs when channels between the state and its domestic actors are blocked. It's a pattern of influence which domestic NGOs bypass their state and directly search out int'l allies to try to bring pressure on their states from the outside
rhetoric of choice
Uma Narayan:
- Enables women to see themselves as 'engaging in free choices' by overlooking 'cultural pressures and constraints' that shape their choices while overemphasizing constraints on others
- We see purdah and veiling as oppressive but to women wh
Tragedy of the Commons
- People abuse/overuse public resources because they aren't privately owned.
- For example, say there's a common pasture for grazing cows. Rational herdsmen will seek to maximize their gain by adding another cow. If each herdsman adds another cow, it will
carbon budget
- The amount of carbon we can admit each year to keep within the 2? bound for world temperature.
- Int'l Emissions Trading (cap and trade) allows countries with high carbon emissions to trade resources with countries with smaller carbon emissions to keep
resource privilege
Pogge:
- One of the harms of the global order related to the rules of sovereign legitimacy. Resource privilege is the legal power over resources and land, which basically means ownership rights.
- Leaders have power over these resources and can exploit th
backfire
- NV/V resistance
- NV campaigns are 6x more likely to be successful than violent campaigns
- NV campaigns are more appealing as aid recipients
Backfire leads to power shifts by
- Increasing internal solidarity of resistance
- Creating conflict among regi
Swaraj
- Swaraj is part of Gandhi's Hind Swaraj and means 'self-rule'
- On an individual level: mastery over mind and passions
- Country level: not allowing oppressive rulers control you, don't obey their unjust laws
the white moderate
- MLK writes his "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in response to their 'call to action'
- They agree that the status of blacks is unjust but aren't courageous enough to speak out
- They "prefer order to justice"
- They prefer negative peace (absence of tensi