truman doctrine
principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection.
marshall plan
A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949.
John F Kennedy's role in the cuban missile crisis
lasted 13 days in october of 1962, notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived
Why was the launching of sputnik a significant event?
the Soviet Union launched the earth's first artificial satellite, Sputnik-1. The successful launch came as a shock to experts and citizens in the United States, who had hoped that the United States would accomplish this scientific advancement first.
why was the un established
A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
why were some americans opposed to the US joining the UN
because it was centered around the idea of globalism and everyone was still in an ideology mindset and didnt want to deal with europe's affairs since everything was all connected
what role did Eleanor roosevelt play in the united nations?
she was a chairman of the united nations and was a commissioner of human rights
what was the arms race
a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, especially between the US and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War.
how did the arms race increase tension?
it increased tensions because everyone was racing to beat each other for superiority of weapon development
space race
20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability.
how did the space race increase tensions?
The space race evolved into a tensely fought battle for technological supremacy between America and the Soviet Union. The objective of putting a man on the Moon became a symbolic goal.
McCarthyism
the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence
how did McCarthyism increase tensions?
this increased tensions within the united states and communists causing the "red scare" era.
house un-american activates committee (HUAC)
a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives investigated allegations of communist activity in the U.S. during the early years of the Cold War (1945-91).
how did it increase tensions?
As tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union intensified following World War II (1939-45), the committee took up its investigations of communist activities with new vigor.
why was the us involved in the korean war?
Truman warned that it was their job to contain communism, and feared of the domino effect, so they got involved to stop it
what were the outcomes of the involvement in the korean war
divided korea into north and south, allied with south korea.
how was the korean war related to us containment policy?
it was to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.
how did defense spending impact economics from 1945-1990s
economy improved: and everyone just went off and bought stuff
how did the cold war impact education spending from 1945 into the 1990s?
it fueled business like high tech industries and research development, increase govt defense spending and led to the creation of large national security apparatus
loyalty oaths
loyalty to an organization, institution, or state for which one is a member or participant. Similarly, it is not a pledge or oath of allegiance but more of a legal document a person signs and is legally bound to
how does loyalty oaths relate to the cold war?
the University of California Regents, professors, and students were embroiled in the Loyalty Oath Controversy, as were many other college and university campuses. Professors were required, by the regents, to sign oaths to affirm their loyalty to the Calif
verona papers
a list of names deciphered from codenames contained in the Venona project, an American government effort from 1943-1980 to decrypt coded messages by intelligence forces of the Soviet Union.
how does the verona papers relate to the cold war?
this was a collaboration between the u.k and the u.s to decode secret messages sent by the soviet union
alger hiss
an American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.
how does alger hiss relate to the cold war?
He was convicted of having perjured himself in regards to testimony about his alleged involvement in a Soviet spy ring before and during World War II
Julius and ethel rosenberg
United States citizens who were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union.
how were julius and ethel rosenberg related to the cold war?
a married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, are put to death in the electric chair. Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.
containment
a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as the Cold War policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism.
how is containment related to the cold war?
it was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.
13th amendment
1865- Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
14th amendment
1868- Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post-Civil War issues
15th amendment
1870- Prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
plessy v ferguson
1896- was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
19th amendment
1920- Establishes women's suffrage
truman's desegregation of the armed forces
1948- "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." The order also established the Pre
brown v board of education
1954- a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
civil rights act of 1957 and 1964
1957- primarily a voting rights bill
1964- a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
MLK writes his letter from Birmingham jail
april 1963-The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.
MLK gives his "i have a dream" speech
august 1963- during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights.
voting rights act of 1965
signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the U
martin luther king jr
an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
caesar chavez
Cesar Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962
hector p. garcia
Dr. Hector Perez Garcia was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum
betty friedan
was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century.
george wallace
he embarked on a career as a judge and local politician. He served four terms as Alabama governor, from the 1960s through the 1980s, and ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency three times. Despite his later efforts to revise his public image, Wallace
orval faubus
gov of arkansas and became the national symbol of racial segregation when he used Arkansas National Guardsmen to block the enrollment of nine black students who had been ordered by a federal judge to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School. His acti
lester maddox
Governor of Georgia from 1967-1971; known for forcefully removing African Americans from the restaurant he owned; once he became governor, he appointed more African Americans to government positions than all previous governors combined
congressional bloc of southern democrats
Conservative southern Democrats who worked to block the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by relying on a filibuster in the Senate to postpone the legislation as long as possible, hoping that support for the legislation throughout the country would falter
MLK's approach to civil rights groups
seeing the possibility of an America where black and white citizens were truly equal, that Martin Luther King, Jr. joined in the fight for civil rights for black Americans.
black panther's approach
The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.
how were the black panthers and MLK's approaches similar?
both were fighting for equal civil rights
mendez b westminster
a 1947 federal court case that challenged Mexican remedial schools in Orange County, California.
hernandez v texas
a landmark case, "the first and only Mexican-American civil-rights case heard and decided by the United States Supreme Court during the post-World War II period." Pete Hernandez, an agricultural worker, was indicted for the murder of Joe Espinoza by an al
delgado v bastrop ISD
The Mexican American parents believed that the district's action made it clear that their children in those grades would be permanently segregated. Representing the parents, LULAC's attorneys did not argue about the differences in the facilities for Anglo
edgewood ISD v. kirby
a landmark case concerning public school finance, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed suit against commissioner of education William Kirby on May 23, 1984, in Travis County on behalf of the Edgewood Independent School District, S
sweatt v. painter
a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson
african american civil rights organizations
NAACP - National Association of the Advancement of Colored People
Black Panthers
black nationalism
black arts movement
harelm renisance
chicano political organization
NAELO- National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials
MALC- the Mexican American Legislative Caucus
CHC- Congressional Hispanic Caucus
Mexican American Political Association
american Indian political organizations
AIM- american indian movement
women's political organizations
NOW- national organization for women
lobbying
the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies. Lobbying is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including indiv
non-violent protesting
the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence.
litigation
An action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.
24th amendment
prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax
26th amendment
who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
thurgood marshall
A judge of the twentieth century; the first black appointed to the Supreme Court. Before his appointment to the Court in 1967, Marshall served as a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and in 1954 he argued before the
sandra day o'connor
the first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. A Republican, she was considered a moderate conservative and served for 24 years.
dolores huerta
political: served as vice president of the UFW and co-founded the UFW's radio station. She continued to speak for a variety of causes, advocating for a comprehensive immigration policy and better health conditions for farm workers
economic: continues her
sonia sotomayor
political: the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history.
economic: pushing the children to become fluent in English and making huge sacrifices to purchase a set of encyclopedias that would give them proper research materials for school
social: t
montgomery bus boycott
a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama
little rock crisis
a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after t
what is the domino theory
a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall
how did the domino theory impact foreign policy?
theory proposed that a communist takeover over of one country would quickly lead neighboring countries to fall to communism, like dominoes falling in succession. Cold War foreign policy was enveloped in the domino theory, which led to policies like contai
reasons for us involvement in vietnam
-we wanted to protect a country from communism.
outcomes from the vietnam war
continued to support the South Vietnamese army - the ARVN - with financial and military aid.
In April 1975 the South Vietnamese regime collapsed and Vietnam was united.
tet offensive
It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam
escalation of forces
a policy used from 1965-1968 by President Johnson to increase involvement in the Vietnam War
Vietnamization
a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number
fall of saigon
the Liberation of Saigon, depending on context, was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975.
draft
conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973.
role of the media
They argue that the media's tendency toward negative reporting helped to undermine support for the war in the United States while its uncensored coverage provided valuable information to the enemy in Vietnam.
credibility gap
a term that came into wide use with journalism, political and public discourse in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. At the time, it was most frequently used to describe public skepticism about the Lyndon B. Johnson administration's statements
silent majority
A term used by President Richard Nixon to indicate his belief that the great body of Americans supported his policies and that those who demonstrated against the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War amounted to only a noisy minority.
anti-war movement
usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts.
great society
a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.
unintentional consequences: spent too much on trying to end poverty and welfa
affirmative action
the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery.
unintentional consequences: many believe
title IX
everyone must be treated equally.
gulf of tonkin resolution
a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
how did this impact relationships?: this showed that the executive branch had the upper hand
war powers act
a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.
impact relationships by: tested the presidents power when it came to war
why did roy benavidez win the congressional medal of honor?
heroism while wounded in the Vietnam War
how did the events of the Vietnam war help to extend political rights for young people?
he right to vote was changed from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the addition of the 26th amendment to the constitution. The thinking at the time that if a person was old enough to fight in a war they were old enough to vote.
how did Americans participate in the democratic process (besides voting) during this time?
Certain groups of people (generally young and of the age they could be conscripted into service) would hold public demonstrations to show lack of support for the policy of being in Vietnam. One noteworthy event or series of events took place in Chicago wh
how did the supreme court rule in tinker v des moines and what were the effects of the case?
a group of students in Des Moines held a meeting in the home of 16-year-old Christopher Eckhardt to plan a public showing of their support for a truce in the Vietnam war. They decided to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season and to fast on Dec
what was significant about the miranda v arizona case?
Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
geneva peace agreement
a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina.
dien bien phu
the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries.
napalm
a flammable liquid used in warfare. It is a mixture of a gelling agent and either gasoline or a similar fuel.
political issues of the 1970s-1990s
richard nixon presidency
watergate
economic issues of the 1970s-1990s
great inflation
war just ended
social issues of the 1970s-1990s
Women, African Americans, Native Americans, gays and lesbians and other marginalized people continued their fight for equality, and many Americans joined the protest against the ongoing war in Vietnam.
what 3rd party was involved in the presidential election of 1992 and what impact did it have?
independent- and not many people were on board with them, but they ended up pulling a higher number than most people thought
what was historically significant about the presidential election in 2008?
the first african american president was elected into office as president
explain the solvency of long-term entitlement programs such as social security and medicare
social security- an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits.
medicare-a single-payer, national social insurance program ad
richard m nixon's normalization of relation with china
an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and China. It marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC, which at that time considered the U.S. one of its foes, and the visit ended 25 years of separation betw
policy of detente
the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Br
reaganomics
the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan, associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity.
ronald reagan's "peace through strength
a phrase which suggests that military power can help preserve peace
support for israel
used routinely to describe Americans who are sympathetic toward the state of Israel.
camp david accords
Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.
iran-contra affair
reagan was selling weapons to iran. Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo
iran hostage crisisn
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981 after a group of Iranian students belonging to the Mu
end of the cold war
the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold
persian gulf war
Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 - 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 - 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces
balkans crisis
war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus served as a "prelude to the First World War". By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic
9/11
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.