14th Amendment
-Granted citizenship and equal protection
Plessy v. Ferguson
-legalized segregation
Jim Crow Laws
-laws separating blacks and white
-primarily in ex-confederate states in the South
-examples of De Jure segregation
Executive Order 9981
-desegregated armed forces
disenfranchise
-deny voting rights to blacks
Anti-miscegenation laws
-Laws meant to keep whites and blacks from having children together.
de facto segregation
segregation by custom and tradition
located primarily in the North
de jure segregation
segregation by law
restrictive covenants
custom or agreement whites had to not sell or rent housing to blacks
NAACP
chose test cases for CR battles
-Example: Rose Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Brown vs. Board of Education
-argued the 14th Amendment
Brown v. Board of Education
Catalyst #1 for CR movement
NAACP test case to desegregate schools
-Argued by Thurgood Marshall
-"Doll Test" showed segregation harmed Black students
-Schools ordered to "desegregate with all deliberate speed" - did NOT give an exact timeline
-overturned
Emmett Till
Catalyst #2 for CR movement
-14 year old boy from Chicago, lynched for speaking to a white woman
-did not know how to act in the South because he was from the North
-Two white men acquitted for the murder
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Catalyst #3 for CR movement
-Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man
-NAACP asked to use her as an example
-led by Martin Luther King Jr and the Montgomery Improvement Association
-apply economic pressure to end segregation
-organized carpoo
Nonviolent resistance
-modeled after Gandhi
-would not resort to violence to achieve their ends but would remain peaceful to pursue justice
-Used for the first 10 years of the movement
-Blacks grew frustrated with this method in the 1960s after continuously being attacked
Little Rock Nine
Catalyst #4 for CR movement
-Nine black students desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, AK
-Gov. Orval Faubus did not support desegregation and used the National Guard to prevent the students from entering
-President Eisenhower did not take a fir
Ku Klux Klan
-violent, racist group; supported segregation
James Meredith
-First African American to enroll at Ole Miss
Sit ins
-Began in Greensboro, NC with four black college students
-Part of a growing student movement
-goal: desegregate lunch counters and other public places
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
-student run civil rights organization to fight for civil rights
-trained in civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance
-planned and participated in direct action
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
-civil rights organization
-organized the Freedom Rides
Southern Christian Leadership Conferences (SCLC)
-led by Dr. King
-civil rights activists and other clergymen
-influential during Birmingham protests and March on Washington
Freedom Rides
-led by CORE, carried out by SNCC
-testing Supreme Court ruling that segregation in interstate transport was illegal
-Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered protection for riders
-Interstate Commerce Commission issued clear rules stating that buses and t
Birmingham Campaign
-Birmingham South's most segregated city
-SCLC led actions against segregation
-many arrested
-Many Americans began supporting the movement after newspapers captured scenes of protesters being brutally attacked by dogs and firehoses
-King and SCLC used sc
Letter from Birmingham Jail
-King arrested during campaign
-wrote letter responding to white clergymen who criticized nonviolent tactics
-"justice too long delayed is justice denied
Results of Birmingham
-Kennedy calls Civil Rights a "Moral Issue"
-public facilities ordered to desegregate within 90 days
March on Washington
-King delivers "I have a dream speech"
-March for jobs and freedom and passage of civil rights bill
-Kennedy overwhelming supports civil rights legislation
Bombing of 16th baptist Church
-four weeks after March on Washington, four girls in Birmingham were killed after a bomb exploded during Sunday services
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Kennedy assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson made it a priority to pass
-banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
24th Amendment
-banned poll taxes
13th Amendment
-abolished slavery
15th Amendment
-granted blacks the right to vote
Freedom Summer
-organized by SNCC and CORE
-campaign to register blacks to vote in Mississippi
-most volunteers were white college students from the North
Schwerner, Goodman, Chaney
-3 civil rights activists who were murdered while registering black to vote
-crime when unpunished
Selma March
-SCLC campaign to register blacks to vote in Selma, AL
-March from Selma to state capital in Montgomery
-state troopers reacted with violence, caught on television
Jimmy Lee Jackson
-civil rights protester who was shot and killed; his death inspired the Selma March
Voting Rights Act 1965
-outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
-federal government to supervise voter registration areas
-very successful
Stokley Carmichael
-leader of SNCC
-wanted SNCC to be an all-black organization NOT an integrated one
-believed in "Black Power" a different approach than the nonviolent philosophy
Martin Luther King Jr
-believed in nonviolent philosophy, even through the 1960s
Malcolm X
-believed in separating races; "Black Separatism"
-rejected nonviolent philosophy
Black Separatism/Nationalism
-complete separation from white society
-Black establish own schools, business, communities
Black Panther Party
-militant black nationalists
-called for economics and political equality for African Americans
-10 pt platform outlined goals (freedom, jobs, decent housing, education"
-carried weapons, were willing to fight with police
Afrocentrism
-focus on African history, African culture, and the achievements of African peoples and their descendants in the US
Black Power
-introduced by Carmichael
-political power, economic power, and pride in being black
Nation of Islam
-Black Muslims
Why did Malcolm X split from Nation of Islam?
-he softened his view after a pilgrimage to Mecca
President Truman
-desegregated the military when he signed Executive Order 9981
President Eisenhower
-did not believe Civil Rights were a federal issue until desegregation of Central High School
-ordered National Guard to protect 9 black students
President Kennedy
-personally supported the fight for Civil Rights
-politically, did not believe the Federal government should intervene UNTIL Birmingham when he called Civil Rights a moral issue
-supported the Civil Rights Act
President Johnson
-continued Kennedy's legacy
-supported the Voting Rights Act